46.Gleb Bryanski, “Russia to get Stronger Nuclear Navy, Putin Says,” Reuters, July 30, 2012, http://uk.reuters.com/article/2012/07/30/uk-russia-putin-navy-idUKBRE86T1D020120730.
47.“Russian Navy Warplanes Start Arctic Patrols,” RIA-Novosti, February 14, 2013, http://en.rian.ru/military_news/20130214/179466119.html.
48.Ibid.
49.Paul Arthur Berkman, “Preventing an Arctic Cold War,” New York Times, March 12, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/13/opinion/preventing-an-arctic-cold-war.html?_r=0.
CHAPTER SEVEN
1.Sophie Lambroschini, “Russia: Putin Tells OIC That Muslims Are ‘Inseparable’ Part of a Multiethnic Nation,” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, October 16, 2003, http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1104687.html.
2.Ibid.
3.Rinat Mukhametov, “Russian Muslims and Foreign Policy,” Russia in Global Affairs, October 7, 2012, http://eng.globalaffairs.ru/number/Russian-Muslims-and-Foreign-Policy-15687.
4.Ariel Cohen, “The Primakov Doctrine; Russia’s Zero-Sum Game with the United States,” Heritage Foundation, FYI, no. 167 (December 15, 1997).
5.For a comprehensive overview, see Ilan Berman, “Russia and the Mideast Vacuum,” Institute for Advanced Strategic & Political Studies, Research Papers in Strategy, no. 12 (June 2001): http://www.israeleconomy.org/strategic/strat12.pdf.
6.Interview with Foreign Minister Yevgeny Primakov, Rossiyskaya Gazeta (Moscow), December 17, 1996.
7.“Russia supports Arafat’s Attending Arab Summit,” Xinhua, March 25, 2002, http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2002-03/25/content_330926.htm.
8.“Russia, EU Urge Direct Israel-Palestinian Talks,” RIA Novosti, December 22, 2012, http://en.rian.ru/russia/20121222/178327927.html.
9.Ekaterina Grigorieva and Mikhail Vinogradov, “Liderov HAMAS zhdut v Moskve [HAMAS leaders are being awaited in Moscow],” Izvestia, February 10, 2006, http://izvestia.ru/news/311067.
10.“Talks with Hamas spoil Russia’s image,” BBC World Monitoring, March 3, 2006.
11.Carrie Satterlee, “Facts on Who Benefits from Keeping Saddam Hussein in Power,” Heritage Foundation, WebMemo, 217 (February 28, 2003): http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2003/02/facts-on-who-benefits-from-keeping-saddam-hussein-in-power#_ftn25.
12.Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), “Arms Transfers to Iraq, 1981–2001,” http://projects.sipri.se/armstrade/IRQ_IMPORTS_1982-2001.pdf.
13.“Baghdad Shocker bares Russia-Saddam tie,” Fox News, April 14, 2003, http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,84102,00.html.
14.As cited in Mark Katz, “Russia and Iran: Who Is Strong-Arming Whom?” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Newsline8, no. 131 (2004).
15.Ivan Matveychuk, “Moscow-Teheran: Concurrence of Interests: The Iranian Factor and Russo-American Relations,” Voyenno-Promyshlennyy Kuryer(Moscow), February 25, 2004.
16.Sergei Sokut, “Rossiyskiy Otvet Amerike [Russia’s Answer to America],” Nezavisimoye Voyennoye Obozreniye(Moscow), October 5, 2001, http://nvo.ng.ru/wars/2001-10-05/1_answer.html.
17.See, for example, Kokoshin’s comments on Ekho Moskvy(Moscow), June 3, 2003; see also Alexei Arbatov and Andrei Piontkovski, “What Does Ahmadinejad Have in Common with Gavrilo Princip: Solving the Iranian Puzzle,” PIR Center Security Index13, no. 1, http://pircenter.org/data/ib/Arbatoveng.pdf.
18.“Russian Expert says Iran can make Nuclear Weapons,” Reuters, April 2, 2007, http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL0241192520070402.
19.Author’s conversations, Moscow, Russia, March 2013.
20.Ibid.
21.See, for example, “Expert Sees Threat to Russia from Nuclear Iran,” Rossiyskaya Gazeta(Moscow), August 11, 2005.
22.These countries are: Iran itself; the six countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (Saudi Arabia, Oman, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, and the United Arab Emirates); Yemen; Egypt; Tunisia; Algeria; Morocco; Jordan; and Turkey. See Nuclear Programmes in the Middle East: In the Shadow of Iran(London: International Institute for Strategic Studies, 2008).
23.See “Algeria Trades Gas for Russian Nuclear Energy,” World Tribune, January 24, 2007, http://www.worldtribune.com/worldtribune/07/front2454125.1611111113.html; see also “Jordan Negotiations Construction of Nuclear Plant,” Yediot Ahronot(Tel Aviv), February 10, 2010, http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3847013,00.html.
24.“Report: Arms Sales to Middle East Up 38 Percent,” Voice of America, April 27, 2009, http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/a-13-2009-04-27-voa26-68814102.html.
25.See, for example, “Russia Seeks Mideast Arms Sales Boost,” UPI, September 15, 2009, http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2009/09/15/Russia-seeks-Mideast-arms-sales-boost/UPI-89011253044464/.
26.North Atlantic Treaty Organization, “Istanbul Summit Communiqué,” Istanbul, June 28, 2004, http://www.nato.int/docu/pr/2004/p04-096e.htm.
27.Talal Nizameddin, Russia and the Middle East: Towards a New Foreign Policy(New York: St. Martin’s, 1999), 160.
28.Christopher Harmer, “Backgrounder: Russian Naval Base Tartus,” Institute for the Study of War, July 31, 2012, http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/Backgrounder_Russian_NavalBaseTartus.pdf.
29.Nizameddin, Russia and the Middle East, 269.
30.Foreign Minister Andrei Kozyrev, as cited in Nizameddin, Russia and the Middle East, 163.
31.Dmitri Trenin, “Why Russia Supports Assad,” New York Times, September 18, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/10/opinion/why-russia-supports-assad.html.
32.Lyudmila Alexandrova, “Russia Writes off Africa’s Debts,” Itar-TASS, October 18, 2012, http://www.itar-tass.com/en/c39/549344.html.
33.“Syrian Opposition Blames Russia for Suffering,” CBS News, July 11, 2012, http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-202_162-57470245/syrian-opposition-blames-russia-for-suffering/.
34.Joe Lauria, “Russia, China Veto Syria Resolution at U.N.,” Wall Street Journal, July 19, 2012, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10000872396390444097904577536793560681930.html.
35.Author’s conversations, Moscow, Russia, March 2013.
36.Mark N. Katz, “Russia and the Arab Spring,” Middle East Institute, April 3, 2012, http://www.mei.edu/content/russia-and-arab-spring.
37.Ibid.
38.Vladislav Senkovich, “Russia and Libya: What Awaits Us in the Foreseeable Future?” Russian International Affairs Council, February 14, 2012, http://russiancouncil.ru/en/inner/?id_4=148.
39.Ibid.
40.“Russia Sells Record $15.2 Billion of Arms in 2012,” RIA Novosti, January 21, 2013, http://en.rian.ru/russia/20130121/178925765.html.
41.Author’s conversations, Moscow, Russia, March 2013.
42.Ibid.
43.“Spiritual Sunni Leader Calls Russia ‘Enemy Number One,’” Golos Rossii[Voice of Russia Radio], October 18, 2012, http://english.ruvr.ru/2012_10_18/Spiritual-Sunni-leader-calls-Russia-enemy-number-one/.
CHAPTER EIGHT
1.U.S. Department of Defense, Office of the Secretary of Defense, Sustaining U.S. Global Leadership: Priorities for 21 stCentury Defense, January 2012, www.defense.gov/news/Defense_Strategic_Guidance.pdf.
2.See, for example, Ilan Berman, “Assessing Iran’s Asia Pivot,” STRATAGEM8, no. 1 (January 2013).
3.V. A. Nikonov et al., “Tihookeanskaya Strategia Rossiyii [Russia’s Pacific Strategy],” Russian National Committee Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific, July 2010, http://www.russkiymir.ru/export/sites/default/russkiymir/ru/events/advertisement/docs/Nikonov_080710.pdf.