52
Qur’an: 33.27.
53
Ibid.: 33.50.
54
Al-Suyuti, quoted by Robinson (2005), p. 20.
55
Qur’an: 89.17–20.
56
For a sample of the various attempts to make proper sense of it, see Ibn Warraq (2002), pp. 319–86.
57
A Zoroastrian text anticipating the End Days, from the eighth or ninth century, quoted by Minorsky, p. 257.
58
Quoted by Brown (2003), p. 314.
59
The complaint of an eighth-century Muslim governor in eastern Iran, quoted by Dennett, p. 120.
60
Qur’an: 1.6–7.
61
Sefer ha-Eshkol
: Vol. 2, pp. 73–4.
62
Qur’an: 24.58. The three prayers specified by the Qur’an are the Dawn Prayer, the Noon Prayer and the Night Prayer.
63
Sahih al-Bukhari
: 1.4.245.
64
The Talmud,
p. 553.
65
Ibid.
66
Ibn Qutayba, quoted by Sizgorich (2009), p. 160.
67
Ibn Hawqal, quoted by Haldon and Kennedy, p. 97.
68
Artat b. al-Mundhir, quoted by Bashear (1991a), p. 178.
69
Tabari, quoted by Brooks (1899), p. 20.
70
Theophanes, p. 396.
71
Theophanes, pp. 397–8.
72
Quoted by Bashear (1991a), p. 191.
73
The first scholars to be recorded on the front line joined Maslama’s expedition against Constantinople in 716. Therefore, although the two examples mentioned here by name were active after the fall of the Umayyads, they can be taken as representative of a trend that spanned most of the eighth century.
74
Ibn Asakir, quoted by Bonner (2004), p. 409.
75
Ibn al-Mubarak, quoted by Yahya, p. 33.
76
Ibn al-Mubarak, quoted by Sizgorich (2009), p. 161.
77
Ibn al-Mubarak, quoted by Yahya, pp. 32–3.
78
Qur’an: 9.5.
79
Ibid.: 2.190.
80
The words of a Christian scholar of the eighth century, quoted by J. B. Segal (1963), p. 125.
81
The story dates from the mid-tenth century, and is attributed to the reign of a Caliph who lived some eighty years after Marwan’s Caliphate. The link between the Harranians and the Sabaeans appears to have been made much earlier than that, however. It also seems to date to around the time that Marwan was present in Harran. See Green, p. 106.
82
Bar Hebraeus: p. 110. The liver inspection recorded by Bar Hebraeus took place in 737.
83
History of the Patriarchs of the Coptic Church of Alexandria
: 18.156.
84
Tabari, quoted by Kennedy (2007), p. 288.
85
Tha’alibi, quoted by Pourshariati (2008), p. 431.
86
Baladhuri, quoted by Sharon (1983), p. 203.
Envoi
1
Abu-Sahl, quoted by Gutas, p. 46.
2
See Gutas, p. 80.
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