Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich
Helena (mother of emperor), 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 7.1
Hephthalites, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 7.1; Persian campaigns against, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 2.10, 7.2; support of Kavad, 2.11, 2.12; mercenaries support Kavad against Rome, 2.13, 2.14, 2.15; Turks as threat to, 2.16; final defeat of (557), 5.1
Hera
Heraclius (Roman emperor), 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5; Khusrow II’s invasion and, 5.3, 6.6; as warrior of Christ, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6; counteroffensive against Persia (624-9), 5.7; captures Khusrow II’s palaces (627), 5.8; returns True Cross to Jerusalem (630), 5.9, 6.7; decrees compulsory baptism of Jews and Samaritans (632), 5.10, 6.8, 6.9; Saracen invasion of Holy Land/Syria and, 6.10, 6.11, 6.12; destroys Persian fire temples, 6.13, 7.1; retreat north-westwards from Antioch, 7.2
Herakleopolis
Hijaz region of Arabia, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 7.1, 7.2
Himyar, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5*, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2
Hindu Kush, 2.1, 7.1
Hira (city), 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4
Hisham, Caliph, 7.1, 7.2
Holy Land: Arab conquest of, 1.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3; Jesus and, 4.1, 4.2; New Testament and, 4.3; Christian pilgrimages to, 4.4, 4.5; tourist boom after Constantine’s conversion, 4.6, 4.7; Christian settlers in, 4.8, 4.9, 4.10, 4.11; as holy to peoples everywhere, 4.12; cosmopolitan nature of, 4.13, 4.14; first century rebellions against Roman rule, 4.15, 4.16; Romans name as “Palestine”, 4.17; rabbis in Palestine, 4.18, 4.19, 4.20, 4.21; Jews as embattled minority in, 4.22; map of, 4.23; city of Tiberias, 4.24, 4.25, 4.26, 5.1, 6.4; Galilee as stronghold of rabbis, 4.27, 4.28, 4.29; hybrid beliefs in, 4.30, 4.31; Samaritan revolts (484-529), 4.32, 4.33; Jerusalem-Jericho road (“Bloody Way”), 4.34; wilderness on borders, 4.35, 4.36, 4.37, 6.5; Christian ascetics in remote areas, 4.38, 4.39; eastern-border monasteries (lavras), 4.40, 4.41; “polytheists” in, 4.42; mysterious scrolls in wilderness, 4.43; survival of paganism in, 4.44, 4.45; plague in Galilee (600), 5.2; border zone heads south, 5.3; effects of plague on, 5.4; annexed by Khusrow II, 5.5, 6.6; raids on by barbarian horsemen (632), 5.6; Roman loss of to Arabs, 6.7; Arab mercenaries patrol frontier, 6.8; Arab mass emigration north towards, 6.9, 6.10; Saracen invasion of (634), 6.11, 6.12; Muhammad and southern border zone, 6.13, 7.1; Jewish enthusiasm for Arab capture of, 6.14, 6.15, 6.16; as obsession for Islamic Empire, 6.17; Islamic anti-Christian regulations, 7.2
Homer, the Iliad, 1.1
Hormizd (King of Persia)
Hunayn
Huns, 2.1, 2.2
Husayn (grandson of the Prophet), 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3
Ibn al-Mubarak
ibn al-Zubayr, Abdullah, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4; “House of God”, 7.5, 7.6, 7.7, 7.8, 7.9, 7.10, 7.11; End Days and, 7.12; sends Mus’ab to Iraq, 7.13, 7.14; proclaims Muhammad as Prophet of God, 7.15; Abd al-Malik’s campaign against (691), 7.16, 7.17; death of (692), 7.18
Ibn Hisham, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 6.1, bm1.1
Ibn Ishaq, 1.1, 1.2, 6.1, bm1.1
Ibn Khaldun, A Universal History, 1.1
Ibn Mujahid
Ignatius, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3
Iran, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3*, 2.4, 7.1; revolt against Islamic Empire, 6.1; eastern frontiers of, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4; see also Persian Empire
Iraq, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 7.1; revolt against Yazid, 7.2; ibn al-Zubayr sends Mus’ab to, 7.3, 7.4; Abd al-Malik invades (689), 7.5; Abd al-Malik’s re-minting of coins, 7.6, 7.7; Al-Hajjaj as governor of, 7.8; great garrison cities of, 7.9, 7.10, 7.11; new Islamic cities in, 7.12; lifestyles of Arab ruling classes, 7.13; slave markets in, 7.14; free market in faiths in, 7.15, 7.16; ulama (scholarly legal experts), 7.17, 7.18, 7.19, 7.20, 7.21, bm1.1; Shi’a uprising in (740), 7.22; Kharijite revolt (745), 7.23, 7.24, 7.25; see also Mesopotamia
Isaac (son of Abraham), 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5
Isaiah (prophet)
Ishmael (son of Abraham and Hagar), 4.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 7.1, 7.2
Islam: faith leading to glory, 1.1, 1.2; remoteness of Mecca and, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 6.1; shirk (mortal offence), 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5; Muslim calendar, 1.10, 1.11; social justice and, 1.12, 1.13, 1.14, 7.1; consecration of Mecca, 1.15; non-Arabic believers, 1.16; Muslim chronicles, 1.17, 1.18, 6.6; spread beyond Arabia, 1.19, 1.20, 1.21, 1.22, 1.23; “golden age”, 1.24; Sahabah (“Companions”) of Muhammad, 1.25, 6.7, 7.2; era of the Rashidun ends (661), 1.26; decline following “golden age”, 1.27; “qur’an” (recitation), 1.28; scholars of “qur’an”, 1.29; eighteenth century Muslim jurists, 1.30; “gate of interpretation” closed in eighteenth century, 1.31; depth and detail of Muslim writings on origins of, 1.32, 6.8; nineteenth century issues over Hadiths, 1.33; reliability of historical tradition, 1.34; hadiths as problematic source for origins of, 1.35, 1.36; lack of extant/contemporary accounts of origins, 1.37, 1.38, 6.9; history as literature, 1.39; absence of early Muslim references to Muhammad, 1.40, 1.41, 1.42; modern debate origins of, 1.43; denial of Jesus’ divinity, 1.44; modern sensitivity over, 1.45, 6.10; Western scholars’ questioning of traditional narratives, 1.46; scholarly need for veracity of early sources, 1.47; as culmination of “late antiquity”, 1.48; attitude to pre-Islamic times, 1.49; Jahiliyyah (“Age of Ignorance”), 1.50; origins in late antiquity Near East, 1.51, 1.52; fifth-sixth century sources, 1.53; secular enquiry into origins of, 6.11, 6.12; attitudes to Zoroastrians, 6.13, 7.3; ibn al-Zubayr’s “House of God”, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, 7.7, 7.8, 7.9, 7.10; location of “House of God”, 7.11, 7.12, 7.13; qiblas reoriented to the south (after 694), 7.14; faith proclaimed/named as Islam, 7.15; self-confidence of, 7.16; attitudes to slavery, 7.17, 7.18; natives eager to convert to, 7.19; Zoroastrian converts to, 7.20, 7.21; influence of Zoroastrian converts, 7.22, 7.23; rabbi converts to, 7.24; Caliphate-lawyer conflict, 7.25; ascetics (Zuhhad), 7.26; fate of Constantinople and, 7.27; warrior-scholars, 7.28, 7.29; jihad concept, 7.30
Islamic Empire: as God’s will, 1.1, 1.2, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1; Muslim accounts of, 1.3; title of “Caliph”, 1.4, 7.2; Abbasid dynasty, 1.5, 7.3, 7.4, bm1.1; origins of in history of late antiquity, 1.6; conquest of former Roman provinces, 1.7, 5.1; conquest of former Persian provinces, 1.8; fall of Persian Empire and, 6.3; as threat to Roman Empire, 6.4; capture of Roman provinces, 6.5; Arab empire defined as Dar al-Islam, 6.6; low profile of Mecca in early decades of, 6.7; low profile of Qu’ran in early decades of, 6.8, 6.9, 7.5; Saracen invasion of Holy Land/Syria (634-6), 6.10, 6.11; map of early conquests, 6.12; Saracen victory at the Yarmuk, 6.13, 6.14; victory over Persians at Qadisiyya, 6.15, 6.16; Mesopotamia falls to, 6.17; Saracen capture of Ctesiphon, 6.18; Umar as supreme exemplar of, 6.19; Quraysh motives and, 6.20; initial aims of Muhajirun/Quraysh, 6.21, 6.22; Palestine as transcendent prize, 6.23; evolving pretensions of, 6.24; Arabs enter Egypt (639), 6.25; capture of Alexandria (642), 6.26; conquest of Persia, 6.27; inherited bureaucrats and officials from Rome/Persia, 6.28, 6.29, 7.6, 7.7; tax/tribute from conquered provinces, 6.30, 6.31, 7.8, 7.9; lessening of Prophet’s influence, 6.32; centralised administration, 6.33, 7.10, 7.11; Medina as original capital of, 6.34; capital moved to Kufa, 6.35; factionalism/fragmentation in, 6.36, 7.12, 7.13, 7.14; Mu’awiya-Ali battle in Syria, 6.37; Kharijites (deserters), 6.38, 6.39, 7.15, 7.16, 7.17, 7.18, 7.19, 7.20, 7.21; siege of Constantinople (674-8), 6.40; coinage of, 6.41, 7.22, 7.23, 7.24, 7.25, 7.26; peace under Mu’awiya, 6.42; rule of Jerusalem, 7.27, 7.28; cannibalising of Roman monuments, 7.29; doctrines and beliefs within, 7.30; revolt against Yazid, 7.31; revolt of Husayn, 7.32; revolt of Ibn al-Zubayr, 7.33, 7.34; plague and famine in Iraq, 7.35; Abd al-Malik invades Iraq (689), 7.36; Abd al-Malik and authentic religion of God, 7.37, 7.38, 7.39, 7.40; Abd al-Malik invades Arabia (691), 7.41, 7.42; Arabic language and, 7.43; bureaucratic reforms of Abd al-Malik, 7.44, 7.45; Abd al-Malik as “Deputy of God”, 7.46, 7.47, 7.48; map(s) of Caliphate under Umayyads, 7.49; mosque in Damascus, 7.50, 7.51, 7.52; advance into Spain, 7.53; expansion of (up to 715), 7.54; eastern frontiers of Iran, 7.55, 7.56, 7.57; slavery in, 7.58, 7.59, 7.60; slave revolts in, 7.61, 7.62; anti-Christian regulations, 7.63; lifestyles of Arab ruling classes, 7.64; natives eager to convert to Islam, 7.65; advance on Constantinople (716-7), 7.66; siege of Constantinople (717), 7.67; defeat at Acroinum (740), 7.68, 7.69; failures in 717-40 period, 7.70, 7.71; grinding stalemate in war with Rome, 7.72; revolt in North Africa (739), 7.73; unrest during Hisham’s reign, 7.74; Kharijite revolt (745), 7.75; capital moved to Harran, 7.76; unrest in Khorasan, 7.77; Abu Muslim rebellion (747), 7.78, bm1.2; Haroun al-Rashid’s campaign against Rome (806), bm1.3; see also Caliphate