Istakhr (Persian city), 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 6.1, 6.2
Italy, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3; liberation of Rome (536), 5.4; Ostrogoths destroy Milan (539), 5.5; siege of Rome (537-8), 5.6; Justinian’s peace offer to Ostrogoths (539), 5.7; Belisarius seizes Ravenna (539), 5.8; plague epidemic (543), 5.9; Justinian’s “victory” in, 5.10; invasion of the Lombards (559), 5.11; slave revolts in, 7.1
Jabiya (Arab settlement), 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 7.1
Jacob (son of Isaac)
Jacob of Serugh
Jamshid (legendary Persian king)
Jericho (Canaanite city), 4.1, 4.2
Jerome (monk), 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 6.1
Jerusalem: Babylonian sacking of (586 BC), 2.1, 4.1, 4.2; as Jewish sacred place, 2.2, 4.3; Cyrus permits Jewish return to, 2.3; Roman mastery of, 2.4; as David’s capital, 4.4; sacred Christian sites in, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7; Helena finds True Cross, 4.8, 7.1; as centre of Christian world, 4.9, 4.10; excavations at Christian sites, 4.11, 4.12; as cosmopolitan city, 4.13; construction of churches in, 4.14, 4.15; as possession of the Caesars, 4.16; map of, 4.17; Church of the Resurrection, 4.18, 7.2, 7.3; rock of Golgotha, 4.19, 4.20, 6.1, 7.4; Jewish temples on Temple Mount, 4.21; destruction of second Temple (70 AD), 4.22, 4.23, 4.24; Jews banned from, 4.25; rebuilt as pagan city by Romans, 4.26; use of Temple Mount to humiliate Jews, 4.27; Temple Mount as Jewish centre of world, 4.28; plague epidemic (543), 5.1; Persian removal of True Cross (614), 5.2; sack of by Shahrbaraz (614), 5.3; Jews’ temporary return to Temple Mount, 5.4, 6.2; Heraclius returns True Cross (630), 5.5, 6.3; Arabs revoke ban on Jews, 6.4; Umar’s cleansing of Temple Mount, 6.5, 6.6; Mu’awiya at Temple Mount, 6.7; under Islamic rule, 7.5, 7.6; mosque on Temple Mount, 7.7, 7.8; Dome of the Rock, 7.9, 7.10, 7.11, 7.12
Jesus: Christian debates over nature of, 1.1, 1.2, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 6.1; late Roman politics and, 1.3; views on earthly life, 1.4; secular biographies of, 1.5; Muslim denial of divinity of, 1.6; birth of, 1.7; in Qur’an, 1.8; rabbis of Mesopotamia on, 2.1; Jewishness of early adherents of, 3.5, 3.6; “the Holy Spirit” and, 3.7, 3.8; Jewish scripture and, 3.9; “biographies” of at remove of time, 3.10; sacred sites in Jerusalem, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3; Holy Land and, 4.4, 4.5; foretells End Days, 5.1, 5.2
John of Damascus
Joshua, 4.1, 4.2, 7.1
Judah, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3; Babylonian invasion of (586 BC), 2.4, 4.1, 4.2; see also Holy Land
Judaism: Jewish kings in Arabia, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1; scholars in late antiquity, 1.4, 1.5, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 7.1, 7.2; Jews of Yathrib, 1.6; nineteenth-century scholarly contextualising of, 1.7, 1.8; origins of, 1.9, 1.10, 2.2; origins in Judah, 2.3; Daniel’s vision and, 2.4, 3.3, 3.4, 5.2, 5.3, 6.2; Jews exiled in Mesopotamia, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 3.5, 3.6; Jews as God’s Chosen People, 2.9, 2.10, 2.11, 2.12; Jerusalem as sacred place, 2.13, 4.2; Jewish origins in Mesopotamia, 2.14, 2.15; Tanakh (compendium of holiest scriptures), 2.16, 2.17, 2.18, 2.19, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 6.3; Abraham as father of the Jews, 2.20; Canaan as Promised Land, 2.21, 2.22, 3.10, 4.3; Cyrus permits return to Jerusalem, 2.23; circumcision, 2.24, 3.11; diet restrictions, 2.25, 3.12; law as derived from God alone, 2.26; “exilarch” in Sasanian Empire, 2.27, 2.28, 2.29; Persian toleration of Jews, 2.30, 2.31; Zoroastrian intolerance of, 2.32; Jewish support for Kavad, 2.33; Peroz’s persecution of Jews, 2.34, 2.35; yeshivas (“schools”), 2.36, 3.13, 3.14, 7.3, 7.4; talmud (written record of rabbis’ learning), 2.37, 2.38, 2.39, 3.15, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 7.5; “The Anointed One” (Mashiach or “Messiah”), 2.40, 2.41; minim in Mesopotamia, 2.42, 3.16, 3.17; Roman hostility to, 2.43, 3.18, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, 4.10, 5.4, 6.7, 6.8; Roman conversion to Christianity and, 2.44; proselytes (converts), 3.19, 3.20, 3.21, 3.22; Jews as universal exiles, 3.23; definitions of Jewishness, 3.24, 3.25; synagogues, 3.26, 3.27, 4.11; Jewishness of early Christians, 3.28, 3.29; Paul declares Christians children of Abraham, 3.30; Christian Church’s rejection of, 3.31, 3.32; Jewish-Christian competition for proselytes, 3.33; paradox of enmity with Christianity, 3.34; porous dividing line with Christianity, 3.35; Children of Israel, 4.12; escape from Egypt of Children of Israel, 4.13; Moses as ultimate rabbi, 4.14; Torah received by Moses, 4.15, 7.6; temples on Temple Mount, 4.16; first century rebellions in Holy Land, 4.17, 4.18; Jews banned from Jerusalem, 4.19; use of Temple Mount to humiliate Jews, 4.20; concept of “Shekhinah”, 4.21; Temple Mount as centre of world, 4.22; Roman definitions of (Ioudaismos), 4.23; Roman regulation of, 4.24; Jews as embattled minority in Palestine, 4.25; Samaritans and, 4.26; hybrid beliefs in Holy Land and, 4.27; mysterious scrolls in wilderness, 4.28, 6.9; Sozomen suggests as option for Arabs, 4.29, 6.10; Khusrow II’s invasion and, 5.5; elation at fall of Jerusalem (614), 5.6; temporary return to Temple Mount, 5.7, 6.11; Heraclius decrees compulsory baptism (632), 5.8, 6.12, 6.13; “Dead Sea Scrolls”, 6.14; rejection of Manichaeism, 6.15; rumours of Messiah’s imminent arrival, 6.16, 6.17; rumours of Saracen prophet, 6.18; enthusiasm for Arab capture of Holy Land, 6.19, 6.20; Jews as members of Umma, 6.21; see also rabbis; Torah (“Instruction”) (body of law)
Judham (Arabian nomadic tribe)
Julian (Roman emperor), 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1, 4.1, 5.1
Julian (Samaritan leader)
Justin (Roman emperor), 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 5.1
Justinian (Roman emperor), 3.1, 3.2; codification of laws, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6; Hippodrome revolt (14 January 532) and, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 5.1; rebuilds Constantinople as Christian capital, 3.10; rebuilding of Dara, 3.11, 3.12; Christian Church and, 3.13, 3.14, 3.15, 4.1; Theodora as consort of, 3.16, 5.2; campaign against paganism, 3.17, 5.3, 6.1; builds Church of Hagia Sophia, 3.18, 4.2, 4.3; Moses’ burning bush site and, 4.4, 4.5; Jerusalem and, 4.6, 4.7; Holy Land and, 4.8, 4.9; builds Church on Mount Berenice, 4.10; military employment of Arabs, 4.11, 4.12; peace treaty with Khusrow (532), 4.13, 5.4, 5.5; map of empire, 5.6; spread of Christianity beyond empire and, 5.7; proper ordering of lost provinces and, 5.8; sets sights on Carthage, 5.9; opens western front (533), 5.10, 5.11, 5.12; military campaigns in west (533-6), 5.13, 5.14; peace offer to Ostrogoths (539), 5.15; sack of Antioch and, 5.16; imposes patriarch on Alexandria, 5.17; closure of last temple to Amun, 5.18; recovers from the plague (542), 5.19; disposal of plague corpses and, 5.20; economic effects of plague epidemic, 5.21, 5.22, 5.23; defeat of Ostrogoths, 5.24; new peace with Khusrow, 5.25; death of (565), 5.26; critics believe him a demon, 5.27