The process of gathering and reporting intelligence through the interception and subsequent analysis of signals. ELINT, COMINT and FISINT are all subsets of SIGINT.
Stealth
A technology applied to aircraft, ships, submarines and missiles to make them appear less visible to radar, sonar and other detection methods. Stealth techniques include using radar-absorbent material which includes special paint and foam, and designing the shape of metal surfaces in such a way as to minimise the electromagnetic reflection of a signal back to its origin.
UAV (Unmanned Aerodynamic Vehicle)
An aircraft that flies without a human crew onboard. The UAV can fly either by remote control or autonomously based on a pre-programmed flight plan. Some UAVs are capable of carrying and firing missiles and almost all military UAVs are capable of relaying video images back to the ground control site. UAVs are distinguishable from missiles in that UAVs are designed to be reusable.
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
Australian Senate Committee Hearing, The Joint Standing Committee on Treaties, 9 August 1999, http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;db=COMMITTEES;id=committees/commjnt/j0000053.sgm/0000;page=0;query=joint%20treaty%20pine%20gap;rec=1;resCount=Default, accessed March 2011
Ball, Desmond, A Suitable Piece of Real Estate: American Installations in Australia, Hale & Iremonger, Sydney, 1980
——Pine Gap, Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 1988
——Signals Intelligence in the Post-Cold War Era, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore, 1993
Bamford, James, The Puzzle Palace: Inside America’s Most Secret Intelligence Organization, Penguin Books, New York, 1983
——Body of Secrets: Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency, Anchor Books, New York, 2002
——Pretext for War, Anchor Books, New York, 2005
Blix, Hans, Disarming Iraq, Pantheon, New York, 2004
Central Intelligence Agency, Publications Review Board, https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/docs/v41i3a01p.htm, accessed March 2011
Clarridge, Duane R, A Spy for All Seasons: My Life in the CIA, Scribner, New York, 1997
Clinton, Bill, My Life, Random House, Sydney, 2004
Hall, Richard, The Secret State: Australia’s Spy Industry, Cassell Australia, Stanmore, NSW, 1978
Harris, Reg, Legendary Territorians, Harris Nominees Pty Ltd, Alice Springs, 2007
Kealy, Leonce, The Pine Gap Saga: Personal Experience Working with the American CIA in Australia, Leonce Kealy, Sydney, 2008
Marchetti, Victor & John D Marks, The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence, Dell, New York, 1974
Moran, Lindsay, Blowing My Cover: My Life as a CIA Spy, Penguin Books, New York, 2005
Paseman, Floyd, A Spy’s Journey: A CIA Memoir, Zenith Press, St Paul, Minnesota, 2005
Plame, Valerie, Fair Game: My Life as a Spy, My Betrayal by the White House, Simon & Schuster, New York, 2007
Richelson, Jeffrey T & Desmond Ball, The Ties that Bind, Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 1985
Stevens, David, Maritime Power in the Twentieth Century: The Australian Experience, Allen & Unwin, St Leonards, NSW, 1998
Wallace, Robert & H Keith Melton, Spycraft, Penguin, New York, 2008
Weiner, Tim, Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA, Penguin Books, London, 2008
Whitlam, Gough, The Truth of the Matter, Penguin Books, Ringwood, Victoria, 2nd edn, 1983
PICTURE CREDITS
Many of the photos used in this book are from my personal collection. Many thanks to Professor Desmond Ball for providing some rare images of Pine Gap that have not appeared in print before (♣, ♦ and ♥–♠ image section). I wish to acknowledge Tektronix, Inc for granting permission to reproduce the images found at the start of Parts I, II, III and IV. These are representative examples of signals and signal environments sometimes observed in the electromagnetic spectrum, which have been modified from their original appearance. My thanks also to St Philips College in Alice Springs for granting permission to reprint the image with Headmaster Chris Tudor. The images which appear on †, ‡, Δ, $, Ο and ◊ are from Getty Images, and the one on Θ from Newspix.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Firstly, I wish to thank my literary agent, Georg Karlov, for his faith in my ability to complete this project, for his patience in waiting for the approved manuscript and his belief in the unique story I had to tell. Thank you for taking a chance on me and for your ongoing encouragement.
I would like to express my immense gratitude to the publishing team at Hardie Grant. To Julie and Sandy, I thank you for your patience and vision. To my editors, Sally Moss and Rose Michael, I thank you for your skill, advice and support.
I would also like to thank the analysts and contractors of the NSA and other intelligence agencies I have worked with over the years. I am indebted to the talented individuals who helped me at the beginning of my career in 1986: to Joe, Bruce, Ellen, Bill and the many other analysts at the NSA who took me under their wing and showed me the finer points of analysis—thank you for your patience, your willingness to share your knowledge, and your expert guidance. To the military and retired military whose vast knowledge exceeds what can be learned at the most elite universities, your experience is invaluable. To Jim, my supervisor and mentor, who kept me motivated with truly challenging assignments throughout my early career, you set a high leadership standard and inspired your team to become the best we could be. Thank you all for your dedication, patience and professionalism.
Special thanks to my colleagues at Pine Gap. Sincere and heartfelt thanks to Kevin for training me as a novice on such sophisticated equipment; to Darren for your ability to find and interpret the subtle and important modifications to several threat systems that might have escaped the eyes of other analysts; and to Bryan for setting a high standard of excellence on our work position while providing effective leadership within Operations—you are truly a future leader at the agency. I also acknowledge the many other military and civilian colleagues at Pine Gap who possess unsurpassed specialised knowledge. I was constantly amazed by your ability to ‘dig deep’ and extract unique intelligence that may have been missed without your persistence and ability to follow your instincts until you found the nugget of gold.
To my friends in Alice Springs who made my time so rewarding and helped me adjust to life in a very small town: Anna Costello—the social director of Alice Springs and my closest friend when my time in Alice was coming to an end. As my flatmate for one year, you ensured my house was never quiet at a time when I needed a bit of noise—thank you! To Scotty and Shona Harris, Marge Harris and the memory of Reg Harris. As four of my favourite Australians, you will always be close to my heart. My thanks to Terry and Alison Lillis, two of Alice Springs’ leading citizens, who selflessly crusaded for drug rehabilitation in our small town. Your friendship during my last six years in Alice Springs will be fondly remembered, and I thank Terry for taking the time to meet with me in Sydney to provide his account of the early years when the Joint Defence Facility Pine Gap was truly just a vacant lot. To my many friends in the local charities who selflessly devoted their time to supporting the Alice Springs community in myriad ways—you are truly special and I am blessed to share your friendship. To the memory of my good friend Mark Bunting, a gifted musician and gentle man who entertained us on many occasions, provided love and friendship to his mates and endeared himself to everyone. And to Joe and Pat, my Alice Springs family who fed me almost every night when I first arrived in Australia, providing me with a warm and loving home away from home.