Perovsky, Lev 150-69, 224 Perovsky, Vasilii 152-4, 165 Persia 35, 110
Peter I the Great 15, 19, 47, 50,
59, 61, 85, 102, 120, 174 Pietists 131, 179, 188 Plekhanov, Grigorii 204-5, 207 Pogodin, Mikhail 58 Pokrovsky, Mikhail 86-7, 127 Poland 4, 22, 70, 189, 216-19 populism (narodnichestvo) 55,
127, 141, 148, 169, 198-9, 202, 204-8, 211-13, 215, 233, 222, 243-4, 254
post-Soviet Russia 4, 26, 72, 88,
249
postcolonial theory 8, 26-8, 254 Potemkin, Grogorii 134 Prakash, Gyan 28 Primary Chronicle 45-53, 58-60, 73-4
Prokopovich, Feofan 50 Prussia 7, 21-2, 131, 138, 141, 173-93
Pufendorf, Samuel 49-52, 60, 84
Pugachev, Emelian 132, 178, 235-7
Pushkin, Aleksandr 10, 16, 61, 95, 107-8, 115-20, 132, 137,153, 156-63, 169, 235-43
Quakers 130, 136
race 9, 23-4, 35, 51, 56, 66, 93, 101-7, 110-14, 125, 138, 140, 166, 174, 252 Radical Reformation 129, 133, 202
Radishchev, Nikolai 84, 105, 232 Rasputin, Grigorii 103, 212 Raynal, Guillaume Thomas 105,
129 Razumovsky, Aleksei 150-3 Reed, John 41
resettlements 25, 109, 123, 126,
177, 224-7 resource-bound state 72-3, 77, 89 revolution in Russia 2-3, 16, 23-4, 37-8, 41, 69, 95-8, 104, 129, 133, 139, 144, 148-9, 157, 194-213, 223, 237,242-4, 250-4
Riga 13, 101, 165, 174,188-90 Romanovs 45, 47, 59, 112, 149,
174, 212 Roosevelt, Eleanor 39-40 Rosenberg, Alfred 133 Ross, Kristin 8
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 55, 232 Rurik 45-60, 66, 94-5, 112, 131,
140, 227 Rurikides 45, 47, 51, 125, 159 Russian Geographical Society 62,
160
Russian sects 9, 132, 155-7, 194-213, 240, 244, 254 Beguny (Runners) 159, 202 Dukhobory (Spirit-Strugglers) 210
Khlysty (Christs or Whips) 194-8, 201-6, 210-13, 240, 243-4
Molokane (Milk-Drinkers) 202, 206
Skoptsy (Castrates) 157, 162, 201-3, 211, 238-9
sables 78, 84-5
Sacher-Masoch, Leopold 85, 200 Said, Edward 5, 9, 27-42, 45, 55,
95, 168, 220, 253 Saint-Pierre, Bernardin 128 Saltykov-Shchedrin, Nikolai 24-5,
152, 159, 169 Sarepta 132-3 Sartre, Jean-Paul 41, 247 Schism 140, 155-9, 198-206, 209 Schlozer, August 47-8, 51-4, 56,
62,151,189 Schmidt, Isaak Jacob 132 Schmitt, Carl 72 Schmoller, Gustav 21 Scott, James C. 8, 182-4 Second World 25-7, 39-42, 55 Semenov-Tian-Shansky, Veniamin 71
serfdom 82, 106-7, 123-8, 249 Sering, Max 21
Seven Years War 52, 128, 174-7,
181, 188-91, 235 Shakers 196-7, 200 Shchapov, Afanasii 7, 65-7, 70, 82, 86, 112, 118, 158, 194-9, 201, 207 Siberia 5, 19-20, 30-1, 65-6, 75, 79, 84, 88, 118, 142, 144, 146, 156, 173, 201-2, 250 Slavophiles 17-18, 62, 102, 140, 157
Slezkine, Yuri 74, 76, 83, 145,
148, 199 Slovtsov, Piotr 84 Soloviev, Sergei 19, 59, 61-70,
113, 127 Soviet Union 3-4, 23-4, 27, 40-1,
71, 72, 88, 104, 143, 249 Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty 173, 198
St. Petersburg 4, 13, 17, 59, 65, 69, 83, 111, 121, 131, 135, 227, 238, 250, 253 Steller, Georg Wilhelm 51
Stoler, Ann Laura 8, 23, 29, 71,
112,136,155 Stroganov family 84-6 Struve, Petr 20 subaltern 181, 191, 198, 230, 245-6
Sunderland, Willard 64, 67, 119, 127, 150
Tambov 114, 123, 220 Tartars 115, 229 Tashkent 24-5 Tatishchev, Vasilii 47-51, 60 Tchaikovsky, Nikolai 206 terra nullius 94-7 Time of Troubles (1598-1613) 82, 124
Tocqueville, Alexis 17, 58 Tolstoy, Lev 6, 16, 19, 103, 131, 137, 152, 168-9, 197, 204, 211-12, 228, 232, 241,254 totalitarianism 23-4 Trotsky Lev 16, 86-7, 89, 133,
207, 211, 254 Tunguses 30, 86, 109 Turgenev, Ivan 102, 158, 169 Turner, Frederick J. 63
Ukraine 14, 22-3, 131, 133-4, 161,167-8, 189, 217, 222, 249 Urals 4, 47
Uvarov, Sergei 18-19, 53-8, 153, 192
Varangians 45-53, 57-60, 111 Veniaminov, Innokentii 76 Veniukov, Mikhail 62 Vikings 47-8, 60-2, 114, 140 violence 25, 75, 104, 112, 123-4, 149, 195, 216, 222, 233, 236
Vitkevitch Ivan (Yan) 36 Volga River 20, 22, 47, 131-3,
159, 202, 224 Vrangel, Ferdinand 117-18
Weber, Eugen 8, 254 Weber, Max 21, 26, 73, 151,
212-13 Weizmann, Chaim 38-9 Weymann, Daniel 179 Wolff, Christian 50 World War I 4, 47, 71 World War II 133
Yadrintsev Nikolai 70, 78 Yakuts 117-19, 173 Yasak 76
Young, Arthur 110
Zammito, John 178-81, 190-1 Zinzendorf, Nicolaus Ludwig 129
[1] Here and elsewhere, the translation is mine unless stated otherwise. I refer to multi-volume editions by volume/page, e.g. 1/31.
[2] This literature is too large to be surveyed here. On the Russian east, I benefited in particular from the now classical Brower and Lazzerini 1997; Barrett 1999; Bassin 1999; Geraci 2001. On orientalism in Russia, see Layton 1994; Sahni 1997; Khalid et al. 2000; Sopelnikov 2000; Thompson 2000; Collier et al. 2003; Ram 2003; Tolz 2005; Schimmelpenninck 2010. On the Russian Empire in comparative perspective, see Burbank and Ransel 1998; Lieven 2003; Gerasimov et al. 2004, 2009; Burbank and Cooper 2010.
[2] believe that this combination of concepts, the boomerang effect that Foucault probably borrowed from Arendt, and the internal colonialism that he improvised here though rarely used elsewhere, is productive for understanding Russia's extraordinary history. This claim finds much support in Russian sources. One hundred years earlier than Foucault, the Russian provincial administrator and satirical writer Nikolai Saltykov-Shchedrin wrote a collection of essays, Gentlemen from Tashkent, which analyzed essentially the same processes, the boomerang effect and internal colonialism, in the Russian life of the time. Tashkent, now in Uzbekistan, was taken by Russian troops in 1865 and became the center of a huge colonial domain (Sahadeo 2007). Saltykov-Shchedrin chose this event, the largest success of Russian imperialism, for a demonstration of its destructive effect on the policies and mores in the Russian heartland. Returning from Tashkent, the Caucasus, and other "tamed" places, the imperial officers and officials brought their skills and lust for violence home, to St. Petersburg and the provinces. The gentlemen from Tashkent call themselves "civilizers," wrote Saltykov-Shchedrin; in fact, they are a "moving nightmare" that permeates every corner of life. A typical such gentleman had "civilized" Poland even before his stay in
[3] Kipling probably took the name Dirkovitch from the amazing story of a Russian agent in Central Asia, Ivan (Yan) Vitkevitch (1808-39), who was well known to the Brits. A Pole from Vilnius whom the Empire exiled to Orenburg for conspiracy when he was 15, Vitkevitch served there as a soldier, translated for Alexander Humboldt, made a brilliant career under the governor, Vasilii Perovsky, and, as a Russian resident in Kabul, outma- neuvered British agents in 1838. Recalled to St. Petersburg, he committed suicide after his meeting with the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Karl Nesselrode (Volodarsky 1984; Khalfin 1990: 168-75).
[4] In Russia, Petr Chaadaev was the first to elaborate this philosophy of foun- dational events, that the origin of a people determines its destiny. After finding similar thoughts in Alexis de Tocqueville's Democracy in America, Chaadaev wrote to a friend, seriously or not, that Tocqueville had stolen this idea from him (Ermichev and Zlatopol'skaia 1989: 388; for details, see Etkind 2001b: 22).
[5] To me, the most illuminating have been Lantzeff and Pierce 1973; Barrett 1999; Khodarkovsky 2002; Sunderland 2004; Breyfogle 2005; Dolbilov 2010.
[5] Bushkovitch's estimate is 50,000 sables a year from 1630 to 1660 "at the very least" (1980: 94, 69).
[6] Making a similar point, Brian Boeck (2007) explains the unusual privileges of the Russian periphery by detailing the special deals that the Russian Empire cut with the frontier societies in the early eighteenth century. Peter Holquist (2010b: 462) attributes the concept of the privileged peripheries and the underprivileged core of the Empire to Boris Nolde, a politician and historian who served in 1917 as the Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs under Pavel Miliukov (Nolde 1952).