7 The interview was for a documentary shown on Russian television in 2002.
8 RGVA 9/31/292, 257 (December 1939); 9/36/3821, 7 (December 1939).
9 RGVA 9/31/292, 318.
10 Ibid.
11 Donald S. Detwiler et al. (Eds), World War II German Military Studies (London and New York, 1979), vol. 19, p. 5.
12 Ibid.
13 See Roger R. Reese, Stalin’s Reluctant Soldiers: A Social History of the Red Army, 1925–1941 (Lawrence, KA, 1996), pp. 2–3.
14 See Mark von Hagen, Soldiers in the Proletarian Dictatorship: The Red Army and the Soviet State, 1917–1930 (Ithaca, NY, 1990), pp. 21–50.
15 Erickson, ‘The System and the Soldier’, in Paul Addison and Angus Calder (Eds), Time to Kill (London, 1997), p. 234.
16 RGVA 9/31/292, 137.
17 RGVA 9/36/3818 (information from the training camp at Chita), 292–3, 309.
18 O. S. Porshneva, Mentalitet i sotsial’noe povedenie rabochikh, krest’yan i soldat v period pervoi mirovoi voiny (Ekaterinburg, 2000), p. 221.
19 Von Hagen, p. 273.
20 The research was collected for I. N. Shpil’rein, Yazyk krasnoarmeitsa (Moscow and Leningrad, 1928). I am grateful to Dr V. A. Kol’tsova of the Moscow Psychological Institute for introducing me to this material.
21 See Mark von Hagen, ‘Soviet soldiers and officers on the eve of the German invasion: Towards a description of social psychology and political attitudes’, Soviet Union/Union Sovietique, 18, 1–3 (1991), pp. 79–101.
22 Victor Kravchenko, cited in Reese, p. 13.
23 Porshneva, p. 110.
24 Anna Politkovskaya, A Dirty War, trans. John Crowfoot (London, 2001), p. 44.
25 Reese, p. 51.
26 Gabriel Temkin, My Just War (Novato, CA, 1998), p. 104.
27 Reese, p. 4.
28 Ibid., p. 42.
29 RGVA 9/31/292, 2.
30 Ibid., 9.
31 The Belgorod military district housing crisis, which was typical, is described in KPA 1/1/2114, 13.
32 For examples of all these problems, see GAOPIKO, 1/1/2772, 16–17.
33 RGVA 35077/1/6, 16.
34 Ibid., 18.
35 GAOPIKO 1/1/2776, 85.
36 RGVA 9/31/292, 14–21.
37 RGVA 9/36/3818, 142, RGVA 9⁄36⁄4263, 29.
38 RGVA 9/31/292, 69.
39 Reese, p. 50.
40 RGVA 35077⁄1⁄6, 53.
41 Reese, p. 47.
42 Ibid., p. 44. See also Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Smolenskoi oblasti (GASO), 2482⁄1⁄12, 8.
43 RGVA, 35077/1/6, 403.
44 TsAMO, 308/82766/66, 25.
45 PURKKA order no 282, cited in RGVA 9/362/3818, 48.
46 RGVA 9/36/4229, 77–92.
47 Reese, p. 55, citing regulations.
48 RGVA 9/36/4229, 150.
49 These examples are from RGVA 9/36/4282, 147–9.
50 RGVA, 9/31/292, 43.
51 RGVA 9/36/3818, 292.
52 P. N. Knyshevskii (Ed.), Skrytaya pravda voiny: 1941 god. Neizvestnye dokumenty (Moscow, 1992), pp. 14–21.
53 See Zaloga and Ness, pp. 189–91; RGVA, 9/36/4262, 40–2.
54 RGVA 9/36/3818, 206.
55 RGVA 9/36/4262, 40.
56 RGVA 350077/1/6, 403.
57 RGVA 9/31/292, 91.
58 RGVA 9/36/3818, 249, 292–3.
59 Cited in Reese, p. 63.
60 Ibid., p. 124.
61 Stalin’s Generals, p. 255.
62 Knyshevskii, p. 218.
63 Roger R. Reese, ‘The Red Army and the Great Purges,’ in J. Arch Getty and Roberta T. Manning, Stalinist Terror: New Perspectives (Cambridge, 1993), p. 213.
64 RGVA 9/31/292, 46–7. Monthly suicide statistics for 1939 appear in the same file.
65 Knyshevskii, p. 219.
66 Reese, Reluctant Soldiers, pp. 163–4.
67 RGVA 9/36/4282, 148 (January 1940).
68 RGVA 7/36/3818, 123–4.
69 Reese, Reluctant Soldiers, p. 93.
70 van Dyke, p. 79.
71 Werth, p. 71.
72 Interview, Kiev, April 2003.
73 Cited in von Hagen, Soviet Soldiers, p. 99.
74 L. N. Pushkarev, Po dorogam voiny (Moscow, 1995), p. 11.
75 The Red Army’s participation here is described in RGVA 9/31/292, 160–1.
76 Ibid., 209.
77 Ibid., 181–2.
78 RGASPI-M, 33/1/1406, 4.
79 M. Dean, Collaboration in the Holocaust: Crimes of the Local Police in Belorussia and Ukraine, 1941‒1944 (Houndmills, 2000), p. 9.
80 RGVA 9/31/292, 279.
81 TsAMO, 308/82766/66, 16, refers to directive of GlavPURKA of 14 January 1941.
82 Vestnik arkhivista, 2001: 3, 56–9.
83 GAOPIKO, 1/1/2772, 16 (22 April 1941).
84 TsAMO, 308/82766/66, 17.
85 RGASPI, 17/125/44, 23.
86 TsAMO, 308/82766/66, 17 (15 January 1941).
87 RGVA 9/31/292, 75.
88 For a discussion of this issue, see Garthoff, p. 231.
89 RGVA 9/31/292, 288 (15 December 1939).
90 Ibid., 250–1.
91 On primary groups, see the article by Shils and Janowitz cited above (p. 343).
92 Reese, p. 171.
93 On the lack of team spirit, see RGVA, 9/36/3821, 54.
94 RGVA 9/31/292, 245.
95 Ibid., 288 (15 December 1939).
96 RGVA 9/36/3821, 44.
97 RGVA 9/31/292, 255 (2 December 1939).
98 RGVA 9/36/3821, 2.
99 RGVA 9/31/292, 361.
100 Ibid., 351.
101 RGVA 9/36/3821, 8.
102 Krivosheev, p. 63.
103 RGVA 9/31/292, 290.
104 Ibid., 288 (15 December 1939).
105 Ibid., 253 (2 December 1939).
106 Ibid., 363.
107 Ibid., 360.
108 Ibid., 374.
109 Garthoff, p.236.
110 RGVA 9/36/4282, 47.
3 Disaster Beats Its Wings
1 Evseev’s memoir is cited in P. N. Knyshevskiiet al., Skrytaya pravda voiny: 1941 god. Neizvestnye dokumenty (Moscow, 1992), pp. 330–1.
2 John Erickson, The Road to Stalingrad (London, 1975), p. 92.
3 Ibid., p. 112.
4 Knyshevskii, p. 331.
5 Erickson, Stalingrad, p. 104.
6 Werth, p. 150.
7 Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi arkhiv literatury i iskusstva (RGALI), 1710/3/49, 8.
8 Rossiya XX vek: Dokumenty. 1941 god v 2 knigakh, vol. 2 (Moscow, 1998), p. 422.
9 Erickson, Stalingrad, p. 106.
10 RGALI, 1710/3/49, 9.
11 Erickson, Stalingrad, pp. 118–9.
12 Timoshenko replaced the vain and inept Voroshilov after the Finnish debacle in May 1940.
13 Pavlov’s testimony at his interrogation on 7 July, reprinted in 1941 god, pp. 455–68.
14 Ibid., p. 456.
15 Erickson, Stalingrad, p. 116.
16 1941 god, p. 459.
17 Cited in Werth, pp. 152–3.
18 Ibid., pp. 153–4.
19 Pavlov’s testimony in 1941 god, p. 459.
20 Werth, p. 157; Stalin’s Generals, p. 49.