21 Velikaya Otechestvennaya, 2(2), p. 58 (text of order 270, where Boldin is singled out for praise).
22 1941 god, pp. 472–3.
23 Werth, p. 181.
24 1941 god, pp. 434–5.
25 Interview with Shevelev, Kursk, July 2003.
26 Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv obshchestvenno-politicheskoi istorii kurskoi oblasti (GAOPIKO), 1/1/2636, 40–2.
27 Moskva voennaya, p. 49.
28 Ibid., p. 43.
29 Druzhba, p. 302.
30 RGASPI, 17/125/44, 70, 72.
31 Mikhail Ivanovich, interview, Moscow province, April 2001.
32 Moskva voennaya, p. 51.
33 GAOPIKO, 1/1/2636, 41.
34 RGASPI, 17/125/44, 69.
35 Moskva voennaya, p. 52.
36 Detwiler (Ed.), vol. 19, D-036, pp. 3–4.
37 The story of one small and doomed nationalist group was related to me in a series of interviews in Tbilisi, September 2002.
38 GAOPIKO, 1/1/2636, 43.
39 Moskva voennaya, p. 53.
40 RGASPI, 17/125/44, 69–71.
41 Moskva voennaya, p. 52.
42 Ibid., pp. 53–5.
43 GAOPIKO, 1/1/2636, 51–2.
44 Knyshevskii, p. 59.
45 Ibid., pp. 60–1.
46 RGASPI, 17/125/44, 71–3.
47 Moskva voennaya, p. 55.
48 They shot them all. When the Germans took the city, the bodies were exposed in the prison yards for local people to see. It was an effective propaganda move that turned an already anti-Soviet city even more strongly against Stalin.
49 RGASPI-M, 33/1/360, 10–11.
50 Druzhba, p. 21.
51 Werth, p. 165.
52 Comments reported in Moskva voennaya, p. 68.
53 Ibid., p. 69.
54 GAOPIKO, 1/1/2638, 30.
55 GAOPIKO, 1/1/2807, 9.
56 GAOPIKO, 1/1/2636, 50–1.
57 GAOPIKO, 1/1/2807, 9.
58 Werth, p. 149.
59 Ibid., pp. 166–7.
60 GASO, R1500/1/1, 2–3.
61 Ibid., 6.
62 Knyshevskii, pp. 14–16.
63 Report to Mekhlis, July 1941. Cited in Knyshevskii, p. 66.
64 Temkin, p. 38.
65 Cited in Werth, p. 148.
66 1941 god, p. 499.
67 Erickson, Stalingrad, p. 162.
68 Zaloga and Ness, p. 69.
69 Knyshevskii, p. 204.
70 Detwiler (Ed.), vol. 19, C-058, pp. 18–19.
71 ‘O boevykh deistviyakh 6 armii pri vykhode is okruzheniya’, Voenno-istoricheskii arkhiv, 7 (22), 2001, p. 109.
72 M. V. Mirskii, Obyazany zhizn’yu (Moscow, 1991), p. 19.
73 Knyshevskii, p. 65.
74 Erickson, Stalingrad, p. 121.
75 Knyshevskii, p. 266.
76 Ibid., pp. 264–5.
77 Velikaya otechestvennaya, 6, p. 61. Also barred were soldiers who had escaped encirclement ‘in small groups or singly’.
78 Krivosheev, p. 114.
79 1941 god, p. 469. The mass production of the crude missiles was ordered by secret order no. 631 of the GKO.
80 Knyshevskii, pp. 104–6.
81 Detwiler (Ed.), vol. 19, p. 123.
82 Velikaya otechestvennaya, 6, pp. 42–3 (order no. 081).
83 Ibid., p. 47 (no. 085).
84 Vstrechi s proshlym, 1988, no. 6, p. 443.
85 RGASPI, 17/125/87, 1.
86 RGASPI, 17/125/47, 47.
87 RGASPI, 17/125/47, 23.
88 Werth’s account of the battle is largely positive, describing it as the first Soviet victory of the war. For a different view, see Beevor, Stalingrad, pp. 28–9.
89 Cited in Werth, p. 172; Knyshevskii, p. 203.
90 Druzhba, p. 20.
91 Martin Dean, Collaboration in the Holocaust: Crimes of the Local Police in Belorussia and Ukraine, 1941–44 (Houndmills, 2000), p. 26.
92 Knyshevskii, p. 55.
93 Ibid., p. 304.
94 Velikaya otechestvennaya, vol. 2, part 2, pp. 58–60.
95 GASO, R1500/1/1, 6.
4 Black Ways of War
1 Velikaya otechestvennaya, 15: 4(1), Moscow, 1997, p. 40. The captured German document is Hoepner’s ‘Storming the Gates of Moscow: 14 October–5 December 1941’, dated December 1941.
2 Ibid., p. 41.
3 Krivosheev, p. 139; Erickson, ‘The System’, p. 225.
4 S. G. Sidorov, Trud voennoplennykh v SSSR 1939–1956 gg. (Volgograd, 2001), p. 60.
5 Ibid., p. 61.
6 Erickson, p. 233.
7 Erickson, ‘The System,’ p. 238.
8 Velikaya otechestvennaya, 4 (1), p. 41.
9 Werth, pp. 238–9.
10 V. I. Yutov and others, Ot brigady osobogo naznacheniya k ‘vympely’, 1941–1981 (Moscow, 2001), p. 45.
11 Interview with Mikhail Ivanovich, April 2001; M. M. Gorinov et al. (Eds), Moskva voennaya, 1941–1945: memuary i arkhivnye dokumenty (Moscow, 1995), p. 103.
12 Velikaya otechestvennaya, 4 (1), p. 56.
13 Overy, p. 118.
14 A. E. Gordon, ‘Moskovskoe narodnoe opolchenie 1941 goda glazami uchastnika’, Otechestvennaya istoriya, 2001: 3, pp. 158–61.
15 Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv obshchestvenno-politicheskoi istorii kurskoi oblasti (GAOPIKO), 1/1/2773, 18–21.
16 Gordon, pp. 158–63.
17 Report dated 14 January 1942, Knyshevskii, p. 227.
18 Ibid., p. 226.
19 Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv, Oberkommando des Heeres, RH2-1924, p. 23.
20 Overy, pp. 116–7.
21 Knyshevskii, p. 184. Report from Volokolamsk Front, 27 October 1941.
22 N. D. Kozlov, Obshchestvennye soznanie v gody velikoi otechestvennoi voiny (St. Petersburg, 1995), p. 24.
23 Knyshevskii, p. 313.
24 Moskva voennaya, p. 167.
25 Velikaya otechestvennaya, 2 (2), pp. 108–9.
26 Moskva voennaya, pp. 167–8.
27 RGALI, 1814/4/5, 42.
28 Tsentr dokumentatsii noveishei istorii smolenskoi oblasti (TsDNISO), 8/1/212, 4.
29 Knyshevskii, pp. 187–8.
30 Omer Bartov, in his study of the Wehrmacht, also suggests that harsh discipline, a raw ideological belief and the fear of death created bonds of a kind between the men. See The Eastern Front, 1941–45: German Troops and the Barbarisation of Warfare (Houndmills, 1985), pp. 144–5.
31 Archive of the Komsomol, hereafter RGASPI-M, 33/1/360, 3–8.
32 TsDNISO, 8/2/99, 1–2.
33 E. M. Snetkova, Pis’ma very, nadezhdy, lyubvy. Pis’ma s fronta (Moscow, 1999), p. 1.
34 RGASPI-M, 33/1/276, 4.
35 Stroki, opalennye voiny. Sbornik pisem voennykh let, 1941–1945, 2 izd. (Belgorod, 1998), pp. 115–6.
36 Gordon, pp. 160–1.
37 Alexander Nevsky defeated the Teutonic knights in 1242. Dmitry Donskoi’s defeat of the Tatars followed in 1380. Minin and Pozharsky drove out the Poles in the seventeenth century and the last two generals, Suvorov and Kutuzov, led the campaign against Napoleon in 1812.
38 Stalin, ‘Rech’ na parade krasnoi armii’, in O velikoi otechestvennoi voine Sovetskogo Soyuza (Moscow, 1947), pp. 37–40.