138 The relation between wealth and happiness: Kahneman et al., 2006. Happiness in Japan, 1958 to 1987: Easterlin, 1995. Happiness in the United States: Easterlin, 1995. Happiness and money: Layard, 2005. Relative income: Frank, 2001. The happiness (hedonic) treadmilclass="underline" Brickman & Campbell, 1971.
139 Dates: Strack et al, 1988.
Marriages: Schwarz, 1991.
Health: Smith et al., 2006.
The more we think about how happy we are: Ariely et al., 2006.
Rumination: Lyubomirsky et al., 1998.
141 Smarter, fairer, more considerate, more dependable, more creative: Alicke et al., 1995; Brown, 1986; Dunning et al., 1989; Messick et al., 1985. Better drivers: Svenson, 1981. Better than average health: Kirscht et al., 1966. Cognitive dissonance: Festinger 8c Carlsmith, 1959.
142 Serotonin evolution: Allman, 1999.
Emotions across species: Ledoux, 1996.
143 Souped-up anterior cingulate: Allman et al., 2002. Anterior cingulate and conflict between cognitive systems: McClure et al., in press. Teenagers: Galvan et al., 2006. Evolutionary old before new: Finlay & Darlington, 1995.
145 Eskimo words for snow: Pullum, 1991.
Neural noisiness: Montague, 2006.
Junk food and cognitive load: Shiv & Fedorikhin, 1999.
146 Deliberative systems left behind: Ferreira et al, 2006.
Stereotyping and cognitive load: Sherman, 2000.
Egocentrism and cognitive load: Epley et al, 2004.
Anchoring and cognitive load: Epley 8c Gilovich, 2006.
147 Daydreaming about sex: Howard, 2004.
Zoning out: Schooler et al., 2004.
Recent NHTSA study. http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/staticfiles/DOT/NHTSA/NRD/Multimedia/PDFs/Crash%2oAvoidance/20o6/DriverInattention.pdf.
Leading causes of death: Minino et al., 2002.
148 Costs of procrastination: Steel, 2007.
The “quintessential self-regulatory failure”: Steel, 2007.
149 Lifetime prevalence of disorders: Kessler et al., 2005.
151 Vonnegut, tribes, and extended families: National Public Radio interview, January 23, 2006, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5165342. Virtually every trait depends on a mix of factors, some environmental, some biologicaclass="underline" Marcus, 2004; Plomin, 1997. Shamans and schizophrenia: Polimeni 8c Reiss, 2002. Agoraphobia: Nesse, 1997. Anxiety: Marks 8c Nesse, 1997. Depression: Price et al, 1997 Schizophrenia incidence: Goldner et al., 2002.
152 Malaria: Nesse 8c Williams, 1994.
Sociopathy: Mealey, 1995.
155 Cost-benefit and orbitofrontal damage: Bechara et al., 2000.
157 Depressive realism: Alloy 8c Abramson, 1979; Pacini, 1998.
Mood-congruent memory: Watkins et al., 1996. 160 Most mental disorders have a genetic component: Plomin et al., 2001.
162 Imperfections of the mind rarely discussed: For three notable exceptions, see Clark, 1987; Linden, 2007; and Stitch (in press).
163 The Beak of the Finch: Weiner, 1994. Recently completed genomes: http://www.ensembl.org/index.html; Gregory, 2005.
165 Listing alternatives: Hoch, 1985; Koriat et al, 1980. Consider the opposite: Arkes, 1991; Larrick, 2004; Mussweiler et al., 2000. Counterfactual thinking: Galinsky 8c Moskowitz, 2000; Kray et al., 2006.
167 Sample size education: Nisbett et al., 1983.
Notes to Pages 168-176
168 Precommitment: Lynch & Zauberman, 2006.
Specific contingency plans: Gollwitzer 8c Sheeran, 2006. 169 Fruit salad versus cake, under cognitive load: Shiv 8c Fedorikhin, 1999. 170 Accountability: Tetlock, 1985.
Eyes and the honor system: Bateson et al., 2006. Distance and decision making: Liberman et al., 2002; Lynch 8c Zauberman, 2006.
171 Irrationality dissipating with time: Koehler, 1994.
Time to steep: Dijksterhuis 8c Nordgren, 2006.
Anecdotal data, against better judgment: Wilson 8c Brekke, 1994.
Psychological cost of decisions: Schwartz 8c Schwartz, 2004.
Physical cost of decisions: Gailliot et al., 2007.
172 Mortality salience and the effects of being told to “be rational”: Simon et al., 1997. See also Epstein et al, 1992. Further evidence that admonitions to be rational might work: Ferreira et al, 2006.
173 Education for Thinking: Kuhn, 2005. Graduating without much competence as a thinker: Nickerson, 1988.
174 Taking the Internet at face value: Metzger et al., 2003. With little regard as to the accuracy: Graham 8c Metaxas, 2003. Credibility and visual design: Fogg et al, 2002. Unsophisticated evaluations of social and political issues: Perkins, 1985.
175 Facts, opinions, and evaluating competing evidence: Kuhn 8c Franklin, 2006. History of understanding the brain: Zimmer, 2004. The teachability of critical thinking skills: Solon, 2003; Williams et al., 2002; Moseley et al, 2004. Philosophy for children: Topping 8c Tricky, 2007. Harry Stottlemeiers Discovery: Lipman, 1970/1982.
176 Knowing about knowing: Metcalfe 8c Shimamura, 1994.
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