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objectivity confirmation bias and, 53-55 motivated reasoning and, 55-57 subjective impressions and, 45

onomatopoeia, 108 opportunity costs, 169 optimization, 6-9 Orgel, Leslie, 16 Orwell, George, 29-30 others, attitudes toward familiarity and, 50 happiness and, 125,142 overgeneralization, 159-60

paralinguistic information, 114, 119-21 paranoia, 156 parentheses, 120n “partial matching,” logic of, 111-12 perception belief and, 65-67 choice and, 89 perfection evolutionary history and, 9-11, 16-17, 162-63 human language and, 96-101, 113-16 value of imperfections and, 16364 Perkins, David, i74n Perot, Ross, 30 personalization, 159-60 Pew Research Center, 2007 survey, 58 “Philosophy for Children” curriculum, 175-76 phonation, 106 phonemes, 109-10 physical disorders, beneficial, 152 Pinker, Steven, 7, 36, 116, 135 Piraha (Amazonian language), 113 “pitchfork effect,” 42

Plato, 101 pleasure context and, 138-39 duration of, 135-38 evolution of, 124-27,128-35 mental illness and, 158-59 self-deception and, 139-43 “pleasure technologies,” 135 poetry, 38, 97n, 164 pointing-at-circles task, 71-72 Pollyanna (Porter), 55 Porter, Eleanor, 55 positive priming effect, 124 “postal-code memory” in computers, 20-21 human cognition and, 31-34,36 prefrontal cortex, 142-43 Premack, David, 116 The Price Is Right (TV show), 78n priming. See also framing belief and, 43-44 contextual memory and, 23,24, 25 decision making and, 88-89 pleasure and, 124 for rationality, 172 prioritization, 22 prisoner’s dilemma, 88-89 procrastination, 147-49 Proust, Marcel, 24,25 Pullum, Geoff, 121

quantifiers, 112-13

Rachlin, Howard, 85-86 rational choice theory evolution and, 72, 75-76, 84 reaching and, 70-71

relative sense of value and, 73-75, 78-80 sunk costs and, 77-78 weakness of the will and, 76-77 reaching, 71-73 reasoning power, improvement of, 165-72 recency belief and, 45-46 contextual memory and, 31-34, 37,45-46 reconstruction techniques, 33 recursion, 115-18 redundancy, 97, 98-99 reflexive vs. deliberative systems, 51-53 addiction and, 155 contingency plans and, 168 decision making and, 86-88, 92-94 language and, 113 mental disorders and, 155-60 mental errors and, 145-46 pleasure and, 123-24, 128, 134, 142-43 religion, 58-59 remnants of history, notion of, 1,162 respiration, 106 Roediger, Henry, 37 Rommel, Erwin, 60 Rubin, Robert, 165 ruminative cycle, 157-58 Russell, Bertrand, 97

sample size, 167 satisficing, 11 Schacter, Dan, 37 schizophrenia, 151,158

scientific thinking bias and, 55 education in, 175-76 self-control addictions and, 126-27,130,155 future discounting and, 85-86 precommitment and, 167-68 visceral feelings and, 89-90 weakness of the will and, 69-70, 76-77, 85n self-deception. See confirmation bias; motivated reasoning self-improvement suggestions for, 165-72 sex daydreaming about, 146-47 evolution of pleasure and, 127, 129-30 lust and, 89-90 men vs. women and, 8 moral intuitions and, 91-92 music and, 133~34 reasons for having, i24n sickle cell anemia, 152 Simon, Herb, 11 Simpson, O. J., 33,54 Smith, Adam, 6 smoking, and beliefs, 57 Smylie, Ed, 2 social approval, need for, 154-55 sociopathy, 152-53 sorites paradox, 99-100 source memory, 33-34 spacing out, 146-47 speech errors, 95 speech sounds, 105-10,122 Spinoza, Baruch de, 65-66 Spooner, Rev. William Archibald, 95

statistics, 167 Stevenson, Robert Louis, 121 Stewart, Potter, 123 sunk costs, 77-78 syllogism, 1-2, 60-62 syntactic trees, 111,116-18

television watching, 126 temptation. See self-control Thaler, Richard, 78n time complex decisions and, 170-71 memory for, 32-33 procrastination and, 1 tongue-twisters and, 108-9 tongue-twisters, 95, 108-9 Tooby, John, 7 tradeoffs, 7-9 trolley problem, 90, 91 truth, and belief, 64-67 Tuchman, Barbara, 15 Tversky, Amos, 46

uncertainty. See future discounting

vagueness, 99-100,121. See also language video games, 132 visceral feelings, and choice, 89-92 Von Rundstedt, Gerd, 60

Wason, Peter, 53-54 Wasow, Tom, 114 weakness of the will, 70,76. See also self-control Weinrich, Max, 102 Wikipedia, 70,174 Wilkins, John, 101

Wilson, Margo, 8 for quantification, 112-13 Wilson, Timothy, 135-36,171 as unsystematic, 95-96,101-3, windshield wipers, 4,144 121-22 Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 111 words Zamenhof, Ludovic Lazarus, 102 logic of partial matching and, 110-12