107. Концепцию Среднего пути как связующего звена экспроприации в одном месте с эксплуатацией в другом см.: Linebaugh R, Rediker М. The Many-Headed Hydra: Sailors, Slaves, Commoners, and the Hidden History of the Revolutionary Atlantic. Boston: Beacon Press, 2000.
Идея была развита в различных статьях, см.: Rediker М., Pybus С, Christopher Е., eds. Many Middle Passages: Forced Migration and the Maying of the Modern World. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007.
108. В этих и последующих главах я опирался на работы: Rodney W. The Guinea Coast // J. D. Fage, R. Olivier, eds. The Cambridge History of Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975. Vol. 4, From c. 1600 to c. 1700; Fage J. D. History of West Africa. London: Cambridge University Press, 1969; 4th ed.; Ajayi J. F., Crowder M. History of West Africa. London: Longman, 1971, 1974; 2 vols.; Isichei E. A. A History of African Societies to 1810. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997; Thornton J. Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400–1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992; 2nd ed., 1998; Gomez M. A. Exchanging Our Country Marks: The Transformation of African Identities in the Colonial and Antebellum South. Chapel Hilclass="underline" University of North Carolina Press, 1998; Lovejoy P.E. Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000; 2nd ed.; Ehret Chr. The Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2002; Gomez M. A. Reversing Saiclass="underline" A History of the African Diaspora. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005; Manning P. The African Diaspora: A History Through Culture. New York: Columbia University Press, forthcoming, 2008. Также ценные исследования: Klein H. S. The Middle Passage: Comparative Studies in the Atlantic Slave Trade. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978; Idem. The Atlantic Slave Trade. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999; Postma J. The Atlantic Slave Trade. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2003. Специализированные исследования для каждого региона перечислены в следующих разделах.
109. Manning Р. African Diaspora; Wolf E. Europe and the People Without History. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982. P. 206.
110. Rodney W. A History of the Upper Guinea Coast, 1545–1800. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1970. P. 114.
111. South Carolina Gazette. 1784. August 3.
112. Более современная транскрипция была бы Аюб ибн Сулейман ибн Ибрагим или Аюба Сулейман Диалло.
113. Bluett Т. Some Memoirs of the Life of lob, the Son of Solomon, the High Priest of Boonda in Africa, Who was a Slave about two years in Maryland; and afterwards being brought to England, was set free, and sent to his native Land in the year 1734. London, 1734. P. 12–17, 44–48; Job ben Solomon to Mr. Smith, January 27, 1735–1736 // Donnan II. P. 455; Moore F. Travels into the Inland Parts of Africa. London, 1738. P. 69, 204–209, 223–224. См. также: Middleton A. P. The Strange Story of Job Ben Solomon // William and Mary Quarterly. 1948. № 5. 3rd ser. P. 342–350; Grant D. The Fortunate Slave: An Illustration of African Slavery in the Early Eighteenth Century. London: Oxford University Press, 1968.
114. Roberts R. Warriors, Merchants, and Slaves: The State and the Economy in the Middle Niger Valley, 1700–1914. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press, 1987. Ch. 3.
115. Diouf S. A. Servants of Allah: African Muslims Enslaved in the Americas. New York: New York University Press, 1998. P. 164–66; Gomez M. A. Black Crescent: The Experience and Legacy of African Muslims in the Americas. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. P. 68–70; Searing J. F. West African Slavery and Atlantic Commerce: The Senegal River Valley, 1700–1860. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993; Barry В. Senegambia and the Atlantic Slave Trade. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998; Wright D. R. The World and a Very Small Place in Africa. London: ME Sharpe Inc., 2004.
116. Owen N. Journal of a Slave-Dealer: A View of Some Remarkable Axedents in the Life of Nics. Owen on the Coast of Africa and America from the Year 1746 to the Year 1757 / ed. Eveline Martin. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1930. P. 76; Newton J. Journal of a Slave Trader, 1750–1754/ ed. Bernard Martin and Mark Spurrell. London: Epworth Press, 1962. P. 43.
117. Hawthorne W. Planting Rice and Harvesting Slaves: Transformations Along the Guinea-Bissau Coast, 1400–1900. Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann, 2003. Ch. 3; Brooks G. E. Eurafricans in Western Africa: Commerce, Social Status, Gender, and Religious Observance from t he Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century. Ath Press, 2003. P. 178, 246–247; Shaw R. Memories of the Slave Traded, University Historical Imagination in Sierra Leone. Chicago: University of Chicago; Afro-British Integration on the Sherbro Coast // African Bulletin. 1983. № 12. P. 82–107; Rodney W. The Rise of the Mulatto Traders // History of Upper Guinea Coast.
118. Diary and Accounts Commenda Fort, In Charge of William Brainie, 1714–1718 // Donnan II. P. 186; Henige D. John Kabes of Kommenda: An Early African Entrepreneur and State Builder // Journal of African History. 1977. № 13. P. 1–19.
Хениге пишет: «Кейбс был на службе Королевской африканской компании в том смысле, что он получал там зарплату и, несомненно, выполнял работу от ее имени. Но он не был — и не считал себя — ее „слугой“».
119. Boateng Y. М. The Return: A Novel of the Slave Trade in Africa. New York: Pantheon Books, 1977. P. vii.
120. Kea R. A. Settlements, Trade, and Polities in the Seventeenth-Century Gold Coast. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982; Kwame Yeboa Daaku. Trade and Politics on the Gold Coast: 1600–1720: A Study of the African Reaction to European Trade. New York: Oxford University Press, 1970; Shumway R. Between the Castle and the Golden Stooclass="underline" Transformations in Fante Society, 1700–1807 // Ph.D. dissertation, Emory University, 2004; St. Clair W. The Grand Slave Emporium: Cape Coast Castle and the British Slave Trade. London: Profile Books, 2006.
См. также статьи: Gutkind P. C. W. Trade and Labor in Early Precolonial African History: The Canoemen of Southern Ghana // C. Coquery-Vidrovitch, P. E. Lovejoy, eds. The Workers of the African Trade. Beverly Hills: Sage, 1985. P. 25–50; The Boatmen of Ghana: The Possibilities of a Pre-Colonial African Labor History // M. Hanagan, Ch. Stephenson, eds. Confrontation, Class Consciousness and the Labor Process. New York: Greenwood Press, 1986. P. 123–166.
121. Stanfield J. F. Observations on a Guinea Voyage, in a Series of Letters Addressed to the Rev. Thomas Clarkson. London: James Phillips, 1788. P. 20; Interview of Henry Ellison // Substance. P. 218–219; Testimony of Henry Ellison, 1790 // HCSP, 368–369, 383.
122. Newbury C. W. The Western Slave Coast and Its Rulers. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1961; Manning P. Slavery, Colonialism and Economic Growth in Dahomey, 1640–1660. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982; Law R. The Slave Coast of West Africa 1550–1580: The Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade on an African Society. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991; Law R. The Oyo Empire, c. 1600 c. 1836: A West African Imperialism in the Era of the Atlantic Slave Trade. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1977; Law R., Mann K. West Africa in the Atlantic Community: The Case of the Slave Coast // William and Mary Quarterly. 1999. № 54. 3rd ser. P. 307–334.