42 Lenin, PSS 43:29; CW 32:188–9 (‘possibility of being his own boss’ is a paraphrase of svobodno khoziainichat’).
43 Lenin, ‘On Cooperation’, PSS 45: 369–77; Pathfinder, 209–18. During the Gorbachev era, this article was taken out of context and used to advocate a move away from state control of distribution.
44 Instances of this phrase seem to be restricted to PSS 43:371 (notes for a speech to the Tenth Party Congress in 1921), PSS 44:160–1, CW 33: 65–6 (speech of October 1921); PSS 45:6, CW 33:216 (speech of 6 March 1922). Lenin also used similar expressions when discussing his fears that the party was being controlled by the bureaucracy (PSS 45:94–5; Pathfinder, pp. 50–51). Probably the hard-line connotations of the phrase arose when Stalin claimed that coercive collectivization had successfully solved the problem of kto-kovo.
45 Lenin PSS 45:383–88; Pathfinder, 233 (‘How to Reorganize Rabkrin) (January 1923).
46 For example, PSS 38:62; CW 29:77 (March 1919).
47 Lenin PSS 41:27–8; CW 31:44–5 (summer 1920).
48 Voprosy istorii KPSS, 1990, no. 6, p. 33.
49 From Zinoviev’s speech at the 8th Congress of Soviets, December 1920 (Vosmoi vserossisskii s”ezd rabochikh, krestianskikh, krasnoarmeiskikh i kazachikh deputatov (Moscow, 1921), pp. 207–12, 224.
50 Lenin, PSS 44:368–9.
51 Lenin, PSS 45:86; Pathfinder, p. 41 (speech in March 1922); cf. PSS 45:308, 390–91; Pathfinder, pp. 125, 238–9.
52 Lenin, PSS 45:95–100; Pathfinder, pp. 50–55. For capitalists worming their way into the bureaucracy and taking on the ‘protective colouring’ of Soviet employees, see PSS 39:155; CW 29:556 (August 1919).
53 Lenin’s notes were published under the title ‘Our Revolution’ (PSS 45:378–82; Pathfinder, pp. 219–23).
54 Lenin, PSS 38:75; CW 29:95–6 (March 1919).
55 Lenin, ‘How we should reorganize Rabkrin’, PSS 45:383–8; Pathfinder, pp. 227–33.
56 Lenin, PSS 45:308; Pathfinder, pp. 124–5.
57 Lenin, PSS 45:406; Pathfinder, p. 252.
58 Lenin, PSS 45:363–8; Pathfinder, pp. 203–8 (published in Pravda on 4 January 1923).
59 Letter of 29 July 1923 (Izvestiia TSK KPSS, 1989, no. 4, pp. 186–7).
Epilogue
1 Grigory Zinoviev, History of the Bolshevik Party (London, 1973), p. 60.
2 Theodore Rothstein (a British socialist of Russian origin), originally in The Social Democrat, IX/2, February 1905, as reprinted in the Marxists Internet Archive, www.marxists.org/archive/rothstein/1905/02/russia.htm (accessed 7 May 2010).
3 V. I. Lenin, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, 5th edn (Moscow, 1958–65), vol. 49, p. 340; Lenin, Collected Works (Moscow, 1960–68), vol. 35, p. 259 (letter of 18 December 1916).
4 Terry Pratchett, Witches Abroad (London, 1991). Katerina Clark’s study of socialist realism reveals its close connection to Lenin’s heroic scenario (The Soviet Noveclass="underline" History as Ritual, Bloomington, IN, 2000); Ben Lewis’s study asks some good questions about the Soviet anekdot (Hammer and Tickle: The History of Communism Told Through Communist Jokes [London, 2008]).
5 Robert C. Allen, From Farm to Factory: A Reinterpretation of the Soviet Industrial Revolution (Princeton, NJ, 2003), p. 131.
6 This observation comes from the so-called ‘Riutin platform’ (see Reabilitatsiia [Moscow, 1991], pp. 334–442).
7 Dmitri Pisarev, Sochineniia (Moscow, 1956), vol. 3, p. 148. For Lenin’s citation of Pisarev, in What Is to Be Done?, see PSS 6:172; Lars T. Lih, Lenin Rediscovered: ‘What Is to Be Done?’ in Context (Haymarket, 2008), p. 829. Lenin’s citation somewhat distorts Pisarev’s actual argument.
8 Feodor Chaliapin, Chaliapin, Man and Mask (New York, 1932), p. 209.
9 Carter Elwood, ‘What Lenin Ate’, Revolutionary Russia, XX/2 (December 2007), pp. 137–49.
10 Leo Tolstoy, Resurrection, trans. Louise Maude (Oxford, 1994), pp. 435–7.
11 Georgy Solomon, Sredi krasnykh vozhdei (Moscow, 1995), pp. 467–8.
12 Istoricheskii arkhiv, 1994, no. 4, pp. 11–18.
13 Nikolai Sukhanov, The Russian Revolution of 1917 (Oxford, 1955), p. 290.
14 1917: Chastnye svidetelstva o revoliutsii v pismakh Lunacharskogo i Martova (Moscow, 2005), p. 126 (letter of January 1917).
15 Cited in Albert Rhys Williams, Lenin: The Man and His Work (New York, 1919), p. 67.
16 Cited by O. V. Shchelokov in Mirovaia sotsial-demokratiia: teoriia, istoriia i sovremennost (Moscow, 2006), p. 247 (Gorky’s letter was first published in 1994). Lenin asked the party leadership to censure Gorky for his 1920 remark about Lenin’s saintliness (Chris Read, Lenin, London, 2005, p. 260).
17 Unpublished jottings first published in Izvestiia TSK KPSS, 1989, No. 7, p. 171.
18 Nikolai Bukharin, Ot krusheniia tsarizma do padeniia burzhuazii [1917], (Kharkov, 1925), p. 60.
19 Arthur Ransome, Russia in 1919 (New York, 1919), p. 122 (this interview took place during Lenin’s ‘anniversary’ period from late 1918 to mid-1919).
20 Russell, The Theory and Practice of Bolshevism [1920], 2nd edn (London, 1949), p. 33.
Select Bibliography
Alexinsky, Gregor, Modern Russia (London, 1913)
Chamberlin, W. H., The Russian Revolution, 1917–1921 [1935] (New York, 1965). 2 vols
Clark, Katerina, The Soviet Noveclass="underline" History as Ritual (Bloomington, IN, 2000)
Donald, Moira, Marxism and Revolution: Karl Kautsky and the Russian Marxists, 1900–1924 (New Haven, CT, 1993)
Elwood, Carter, Inessa Armand: Revolutionary and Feminist (Cambridge, 1992)
—, Roman Malinovsky: A Life without a Cause (Newtonville, MA, 1977)
—, ‘What Lenin Ate’, Revolutionary Russia, XX/2 (December 2007), pp. 137–49
Gankin, Olga Hess, and H. H. Fisher, The Bolsheviks and the World War: The Origin of the Third International (Stanford, CA, 1940)
Hillquit, Morris, From Marx to Lenin (New York, 1921)
Kamenev, Lev, ‘The Literary Legacy and Collected Works of Ilyitch’, from Marxists Internet Archive, www.marxists.org/archive/kamenev/19xx/x01/x01.htm (n.d.)
Kanatchikov, Semën, A Radical Worker in Tsarist Russia: The Autobiography of Semën Ivanovich Kanatchikov, ed. Reginald Zelnik (Stanford, CA, 1986)