31 Death-toll estimates are very approximate. The rumour at the time was of 17,000 lives lost; the official Soviet version was 5,000. A post-Soviet Russian naval historian puts it at ‘over 12,000’. See Salisbury, The 900 Days, p. 238, and Evan Mawdsley, Thunder in the East: The Nazi-Soviet War 1941–1945, p. 83.
32 Glantz, The Battle for Leningrad 1941–1944, p. 46.
33 On 29 September 1941 the head of the Baltic Fleet’s Political Directorate instructed his staff to inform all naval personnel that family members of sailors who surrendered to the Germans would immediately be executed as ‘traitors to the Motherland’. In January 1942 the directive was rescinded and branded as illegal; there is no record of it having been put into force (see Lomagin, Soldiers at War, p. 15).
1 Ilya Frenklakh, www.iremember.ru, pp. 2–3.
2 TsGAIPD SPb: Fond 2281, op. 1, delo 22.
3 Interviewed by the author, St Petersburg, March 2008.
4 Report by Nikita Karpov, Partorg at the Kirov plant and member of the First Division of LANO, 30 September 1943. TsGAIPD SPb: Fond 4000, op. 10, delo 1320, p. 14.
5 TsGAIPD SPb: Fond 25, op. 12, svyazkha 3, 1118, ed. kr. 13. Harrison Salisbury, The 900 Days: The Siege of Leningrad, p. 220.
6 David Glantz, The Battle for Leningrad 1941–1944, pp. 126–7; Richard Bidlack, Workers at War: Factory Workers and Labor Policy in the Siege of Leningrad, Carl Beck Papers, 902, p. 8.
7 TsGAIPD SPb: Fond 25, op. 12, svyazkha 13.
8 Nikita Karpov. TsGAIPD SPb: Fond 4000, op. 10, delo 1320, p. 15.
9 TsGAIPD SPb: Fond 2281, op. 1, delo 15, p. 9. Notes to Pages 77–89
10 TsGAIPD SPb: Fond 2281, op. 1, delo 2, p. 35.
11 Leon Gouré, The Siege of Leningrad, p. 31; Dmitri Likhachev, Reflections on the Russian Souclass="underline" A Memoir, p. 226.
12 TsGAIPD SPb: Fond 2201, op. 1, delo 23.
13 Ibid., political report of 10 July 1941.
14 Ibid., political report from the Moskovsky district LANO division, 9 July 1941.
15 Lidiya Ginzburg, Blockade Diary, p. 79.
16 See for example TsGAIPD SPb: Fond 2281, op. 1, delo 28, p. 20.
17 TsGAIPD SPb: Fond 2281, op. 1, delo 15, p. 12.
18 TsGAIPD SPb: Fond 2201, op. 1, delo 23.
19 Andrei Dzeniskevich, Leningrad v osade: sbornik dokumentov, doc. 49, p. 131.
20 TsGAIPD SPb: Fond 2281, op. 1, delo 29, pp. 2–4.
21 Iosif Altman, workshop supervisor at the Red Chemist Factory and member of the First Division. TsGAIPD SPb: Fond 4000, op. 10, delo 1305.
22 From Subbotin to the Defence Council of the Northern Front, July 1941. TsGAIPD SPb: Fond 2281, op. 1, delo 11; Gouré, The Siege of Leningrad, pp. 33–4.
23 Political Department meeting of 8 July 1941. TsGAIPD SPb: Fond 2281, op. 1, delo 15, pp. 7–8.
24 TsGAIPD SPb: Fond 2281, op. 1, delo 15, p. 13.
25 Charles Burdick and Hans-Adolf Jacobsen, eds, Franz Halder, The Halder War Diary, 1939–1942, p. 452 (6 July 1941).
26 Meeting of 29 July 1941. TsGAIPD SPb: Fond 2281, op. 1, delo 46.
27 TsGAIPD SPb: Fond 2281, op. 1, delo 26, p. 2.
28 Dobrzhinsky, First Division, TsGAIPD SPb: Fond 2281, op. 1, delo 15, pp. 10–11.
29 TsGAIPD SPb: Fond 2281, op. 1, delo 22, pp. 132–4.
30 Ibid., p. 137.
31 Political dept report of 29 August 1941. TsGAIPD SPb: Fond 2281, op. 1, delo 202. Salisbury, The 900 Days, p. 191.
32 Report to Zhdanov from LANO political department head Kononchuk, mid-August 1941. TsGAIPD SPb: Fond 2281, op. 1, delo 18.
33 TsGAIPD SPb: Fond 2281, op. 1, delo 18.
34 Dzeniskevich, Leningrad v osade, doc. 49, pp. 132–3.
35 Gouré, The Siege of Leningrad, p. 35.
36 Alexander Werth, Leningrad, pp. 110–11.
37 TsAMO: Fond 96a, op. 2011, delo 5, pp. 133–7.
38 Frenklakh, www.iremember.ru, p. 6. Notes to Pages 89–101
39 Given in Dmitri Volkogonov, ‘Voroshilov’, in Harold Shukman, ed., Stalin’s Generals, p. 318.
1 Vera Inber, Leningrad Diary, p. 10.
2 Dmitri Pavlov, Leningrad 1941: The Blockade, p. 9. This is often wrongly referred to as the ‘Enemy at the Gates’ announcement. In fact the Leningradskaya Pravda article headlined ‘The Enemy is at the Gates’ did not appear until 16 September.
3 Inber, Leningrad Diary, pp. 11, 13, 15 (24 and 26 August, 1 and 8 September 1941).
4 Ales Adamovich and Daniil Granin, A Book of the Blockade, pp. 271–2.
5 Anna Ostroumova-Lebedeva, Avtobiograficheskiye zapiski: Leningrad v blokade, pp. 252–3 (4 and 16 August).
6 Pavlov, Leningrad 1941, pp. 47–8; Ivan Andreyenko, deputy chairman of the wartime Leningrad City Soviet, quoted in Adamovich and Granin, A Book of the Blockade, p. 122.
7 Leon Gouré, The Siege of Leningrad, pp. 51–2.
8 Yelena Skrjabina, Siege and Survivaclass="underline" The Odyssey of a Leningrader, p. 7 (June 26 1941).
9 Yelena Kochina, Blockade Diary, p. 35 (2 July 1941).
10 Klara Rakhman, unpublished manuscript, held by the diarist’s family.
11 Georgi Knyazev, 17 July 1941, in Adamovich and Granin, A Book of the Blockade, p. 246.
12 Adamovich and Granin, A Book of the Blockade, pp. 250–52.
13 Order to district Party secretaries, 11 August 1941. RGASPI: Fond 17, op. 22, delo 1644, p. 41.
14 Skrjabina, Siege and Survival, pp. 17–18 (2 August 1941).
15 Nina Malakova, in Michael Jones, Leningrad: State of Siege, p. 98. Jones interviewed survivors of the Lychkovo bombing in 2007.
16 Mariya Motovskaya, in Adamovich and Granin, A Book of the Blockade, p. 247.
17 Ibid., pp. 248–9. Dmitri Likhachev, Reflections on the Russian Souclass="underline" A Memoir, p. 218.
18 William Moskoff, The Bread of Affliction: The Food Supply in the USSR during World War II, p. 34.
19 Interviewed by the author, Vsevolozhsk, November 2006.
20 Skrjabina, Siege and Survival, p. 10.
21 Ibid., p. 24; Likhachev, Reflections on the Russian Soul, p. 227.
22 Sidney Monas and Jennifer Greene Krupala, eds, The Diaries of Nikolay Punin, 1904—53, pp. 182–3. Notes to Pages 102–116
23 Cynthia Simmons and Nina Perlina, eds, Writing the Siege: Women’s Diaries, Memoirs and Documentary Prose, pp. 107–8.
24 Pavlov, Leningrad 1941, p. 47.
25 Aleksandr Barbovsky, 30 August 1941. RGALI: Fond 2733, op. 1, yed. khr. 872, pp. 15–16.
26 The commission’s visit is hard to date exactly. Salisbury infers from Admiral Kuznetsov’s memoirs that it set out on 27 August and arrived on the 28th. However, Stalin ordered the mission on the 21st, included Molotov among the addressees of a communication of 27 August and ordered its return on 29 August, suggesting that it arrived several days earlier.
27 RGASPI: Fond 558, op. 11, yed. khr. 492, p. 27.
28 Ibid., p. 35.
29 Ibid., p. 39.
30 Simon Sebag Montefiore, Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar, p. 627.