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Notes
Introduction
1. The most thorough biography of E. M. Forster is P. N. Furbank, E. M. Forster: A Life, 2 vols. (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1978). See also Nicola Beauman, E.
M. Forster: A Biography (New York: Knopf, 1994). Beauman’s work focuses on the first half of Forster’s life. The most recent and detailed biography of Isherwood is Peter Parker, Isherwood: A Life Revealed (New York: Random House, 2004). See also Brian Finney, Christopher Isherwood: A Critical Biography (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979); Jonathan Fryer, Isherwood: A Biography (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1977); John Lehmann, Christopher Isherwood: A Personal Memoir (New York: Henry Holt, 1987); and Claude J. Summers, Christopher Isherwood (New York: Frederick Ungar, 1980).
2. Christopher Isherwood, Christopher and His Kind, 1929–1939 (New York: Farrar, Strauss, Giroux, 1976), 105.
3. Ibid.
4. Christopher Isherwood, Lost Years: A Memoir, 1945–1951, ed. Katherine Bucknell (New York: HarperCollins, 2000), 94–95.
5. Beauman, E. M. Forster, 347.
6. E. M. Forster to Robert J. Buckingham, Selected Letters of E. M. Forster, 138.
7. Isherwood, Unpublished diary 1935–38, May 26, 1937, p. 25.
8. Ibid., October 13, 1937, p. 26 verso.
9. Isherwood, Christopher and His Kind, 126.
10. Ibid., 126–27.
11. Quoted in Furbank, E. M. Forster: A Life, 2:177.
12. When Forster expresses his dislike of Isherwood’s novel, Down There on a Visit, published in 1962, Isherwood is unapologetic about his novel and merely thanks Forster for taking the time to read and write about a novel he disliked.
13. Isherwood lived in Berlin from the fall of 1929 to the spring of 1933.
14. Isherwood, Christopher and His Kind, 177.
15. Fryer, Isherwood, 149.
16. Ibid., 150.
17. Ibid., 146.
18. Isherwood, Unpublished diary 1935–38, July 2, 1936, p. 21 verso.
19. Parker, Isherwood, 303
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NOTES
20. Quoted in Samuel Hynes, The Auden Generation: Literature and Politics in England in the 1930s (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1972), 176.
21. Stephen Spender, World within World (London: Faber and Faber, 1951), 250.
22. Stephen Spender, Letters to Christopher: Stephen Spender’s Letters to Christopher Isherwood, 1929–1939, ed. Lee Bartlett (Santa Barbara: Black Sparrow, 1980), 122–23.
23. Quoted in Hynes, The Auden Generation, 176.
24. Isherwood, Christopher and His Kind, 293.
25. Furbank, E. M. Forster, 2:192. Furbank notes that Gide had recently declared himself a Communist and André Malraux, the unofficial organizer, sought to take advantage of Gide’s prestige.
26. Quoted in Furbank, E. M. Forster, 2:193–94.
27. E. M. Forster, What I Believe (London: Hogarth, 1939), 5.
28. Ibid., 8.
29. Ibid., 14. Reviewing Forster’s essay, Philip Toynbee, a young journalist, applauds Forster’s strength and fearlessness in uttering beliefs that have become irrelevant: “He is one of the very few members of the pre-war generation who have honestly confronted and recognised the limitations imposed on them by their period. He is a Liberal in every sense of the word and he has no illusions about the sad condition of Liberalism in the modern world” (quoted in Hynes, The Auden Generation, 302).
30. Isherwood, Unpublished diary 1935–38, September 24, 1938, p. 53 verso.
31. Christopher Isherwood, Down There on a Visit (New York: Avon, 1959), 154.
32. Christopher Isherwood, Diaries, Volume One: 1939–1960, ed. Katherine Bucknell (London: Vintage, 1997), 6.
33. Ibid., 5.
34. Isherwood, Christopher and His Kind, 335–36.
35. Quoted in Fryer, Isherwood, 190.
36. “Comment,” Horizon: A Review of Literature and Art 1, no. 2 (1949): 69.
37. Quoted in Peter Parker, Isherwood, 401–2.
38. Ibid., 404.
39. Quoted in Furbank, E. M. Forster, 2:237–38.
40. Ibid., 2:238.
41. Ibid.
42. E. M. Forster, Selected Letters of E. M. Forster: Volume Two, 1921–1970, ed.
Mary Lago and P. N. Furbank (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1985), 190.
43. E. M. Forster, Commonplace Book, ed. Philip Gardner (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1985), 129.
44. E. M. Forster, “The New Disorder,” Horizon: A Review of Literature and Art 4, no. 24 (1941): 379.
45. Forster, “The New Disorder,” 384.
46. Christopher Isherwood to John Lehmann, October 31, 1941.
47. Ibid., December 26, 1941.
48. Isherwood, Christopher and His Kind, 186.
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49. In the final chapter, Maurice confronts his first love, Clive, who is now married and successful, in order to close that earlier, unresolved period in his life.
50. Isherwood, Christopher and His Kind, 215.
51. Furbank, E. M. Forster, 2:295.
52. This remark was made during an informal conversation I had with Don Bachardy in February 2006.
Chapter 1
1. Christopher Isherwood’s first two novels, All the Conspirators and The Memorial, were published in 1928 and 1932, respectively. Both novels demon-strate Forster’s literary influence on Isherwood.
2. The Seven Pillars of Wisdom: A Triumph is an autobiographical work by T. E.
Lawrence, which was published in 1926.
3. “The Orators” is a long poem by W. H. Auden that was published in 1932.
4. Isherwood’s first attempts at writing a memoir of Berlin, which he titled, The Lost. He eventually gave up this project, electing instead to focus on one character from this work, “Mr. Norris.”
5. Autobiography of the Irish writer, Maurice O’Sullivan. See note 9 in this chapter.
6. They spent the day at the home of Forster’s friend, Leo Charlton.
7. Forster showed Isherwood the manuscript of his unpublished novel, Maurice, in April.
8. The home of Leo Charlton and his companion, Tom Wichelo.
9. Twenty Years A-Growing, published in 1933, is a memoir by the Irish writer, Maurice O’Sullivan (1904–50). Forster wrote the introductory note to the English translation.
10. The novel, Ambrose Holt and Family, by the American novelist and playwright, Susan Glaspell, was published in 1931.
11. Isherwood is probably referring to one of Forster’s BBC Radio broadcasts in the series “Conversations in the Train.”
12. Sir Archibald Armar Montgomery-Massingberd (1871–1947) was a British field marshal; Lord George Joachim Goshen (1831–1907) was a British statesman.
13. Behind the Smoke Screen by Brigadier-General P. R. C. Groves, published in 1934, warns Britain about the threat of Nazi Germany.