Steven Lukes provided a robust defence of Berlin's approach to politics in 'The Singular and the Pluraclass="underline" On the Distinctive Liberalism of Isaiah Berlin',' and again in 'An Unfashionable Fox'.10 As the literature on pluralism has assumed very extensive proportions in the last decade - for instance, a whole number of Social Research is devoted to Liberty and Pluralism, as we have seen11 - it cannot be discussed here: but two items that demand mention are the study of the relations of liberalism and pluralism in Charles Larmore, 'Pluralism and Reasonable Disagreement',12 and the question posed by George Kateb, 'Can Cultures be Judged? Two Defenses of Cultural Pluralism in Isaiah Berlin's Work'.13
Berlin's treatment of nationalism, or something like it, in 'Two Concepts' is less critical than of other manifestations of positive liberty, and is more puzzled too. Berlin's own commitment to Zionism was expressed practically (see Michael Ignatieff, Isaiah
' Political Studies 28 (i98o), reprinted in his Liberalisms (London and New York, I 989: Routledge), chapter 4.
In his Post-Liberalism (London and New York, 1993: Routledge), 64-9.
International Journal of Philosophical Studies 6 (1998), 17-36; also in Maria Baghramian and Attracta Ingram (eds.), Pluralism: The Philosophy and Politics of Diversity (London and New York, 2000: Routledge), chapter 4^
Cambridge, 2000: Polity; New York, 2000: New Press.
New York Review of Books, 19 October 1995, 28-31.
The European Legacy, 4 No 4 (1999), 1-23.
Liberty and Pluralism, 1039-62.
In Pluralism, 1 2o-i5 5.
' Social Research 6 i ( 1 994), 698-718.
10 In The Legacy of Isaiah Berlin, 43-5711 See p. 358 above, note 4^
12 Social Philosophy and Practice 1 i No i (1994), 61-79^
'3 Liberty and Pluralism, 1009-38.
Berlin: A Life) and on paper in a number of essays, including 'Jewish Slavery and Emancipation' (1951), reprinted in his posthumous collection The Power of Ideas/ Considerations of his views include Stuart Hampshire, 'Nationalism';3 Joan Cocks, 'Individuality, Nationality, and the Jewish Question'/ and Avishai Margalit, 'The Crooked Timber of Humanity', Richard Wollheim, 'Berlin and Zionism' and Michael Walzer, 'Liberalism, Nationalism, Reform'.5 Berlin's views are sometimes discussed in broader treatments, as by David Miller in On Nationality/
'Two Concepts' left at least one important gap in Berlin's conceptual wall against totalitarianism. If to be free implied knowledge and the exercise of reason, then the distinction between the concepts of negative and positive freedom might be less radical than he had insisted in 1958. 'From Hope and Fear Set Free' (1964) correspondingly suggested that knowledge did not always liberate, and this presidential address to the Aristotelian Society finds its proper home in the present volume as a complement to the Chichele inaugural.
The tension between one view of knowledge and freedom was exemplified in 'John Stuart Mill and the Ends of Life'. This suggested that the younger Mill's thought embodied two very different strands of opinion. The first, deriving from Bentham and the Enlightenment, accented reason but also the determinism that went with man as part of nature/ yet, on the other hand, Mill's own open-mindedness made him recognise that this did not fit the facts of experience, and led him to tease out another strand, in which free choice and the importance of realising negative freedom in society were prominent. This interpretation, as well as expressing Oxonian distrust of the utilitarian tradition, portrayed a Mill who was a well-disposed but confused thinker. Though, as Berlin noted, this lecture attracted little attention, it contrasted with
' London, 1998: Chatto and Windus; New York, 1998: Metropolitan, esp. chapter 9.
London, 2000: Chatto and Windus; Princeton, 2000: Princeton University Press.
In Isaiah Berlin: A Celebration, 127-34.
Liberty and Pluralism, I i 91-1216.
All in part 3 of The Legacy of Isaiah Berlin.
• Oxford and New York, 1995: Clarendon Press, 7-8.
7 For a fuller statement of Berlin's rejection of this sort of utilitarianism, see Freedom and its Betrayal, 'Helvetius'.
another view. The footnote appended near the end of the piece in Four Essays briefly criticises, without naming, Maurice Cowling, Mill and Liberalism/ and Shirley Robin Letwin, The Pursuit of Certainty.2 These gave a higher estimate of Mill's competence and a less flattering view of his intentions. Though in the latter respect they have never won general adherence, and perhaps did not mean to do so, in the former they presaged a change in direction for the literature about Mill. This has included Alan Ryan, The Philosophy of J. S. Mill? John Gray, Mill on Liberty? Dennis F. Thompson, John Stuart Mill and Representative Government?1 William Thomas, Mill? Ann P. Robson, John M. Robson and Bruce L. Kinzer, A Moralist In and Out of Parliament/ and the number of the Political Science Reviewer devoted to Mill.8 Of especial relevance here is Richard Wollheim, 'John Stuart Mill and Isaiah Berlin',' which implies that Mill, properly interpreted, was both more coherent and closer to Berlin than Berlin had thought. Berlin and Mill are examined together with Green by Richard Bellamy, 'T. H. Green, J. S. Mill, and Isaiah Berlin on the Nature of Liberty and Liberalism'.^
Berlin devoted his intellectual energies in the years after 1959 partly to working out further the intellectual history that his published essays had adumbrated and his unpublished lectures had treated more fully. 'The Birth of Greek Individualism' of 1962, reprinted here, identified the fourth century bc, the Renaissance and Romanticism as crucial stages in his historical interpretation, and a number of Berlin's essays and lectures sought to give further substance to the two latter, especially 'The Originality of Machia- velli', in his Against the Current, 1 1 and The Roots of Romanticism.
| Cambridge, 1963, 1990: Cambridge University Press.
Cambridge, 1965: Cambridge University Press; repr. Indianapolis, 1998: Liberty Press.
London, 1970, 1987: Macmillan; repr. Atlantic Highlands, NJ, 1990: Humanities Press International.
London, 1983, Basingstoke, 1995: Routledge.
Princeton, 1976: Princeton University Press.
Oxford and New York, 1985: Oxford University Press.
Toronto and London, 1992: University of Toronto Press.
24 (l995).