xxvu Strauss, Leo, 356
suffering: caused by ignorance, i i i
superstition: philosophical, I 6-i 8
surrealism, 8 8
Sutcliffe, Peter H., xv
Swift, Adam, 366
Swift, Jonathan, 78
Swinburne, Algernon Charles, xxiv
Switzerland, 90
syndicalism, 68
Tacitus, 57
Taine, Hippolyte, 130, 134, 247 Talleyrand, Charles Maurice de, 92 Tallis, Raymond, 363 Talmon, Jacob Leib, j 5 r Tanner, Michael, 364 Tarn, William Woodthorpe, 309 Tawney, Richard Henry, 17 m, 215 Taylor, Charles, 355, 358, 359, 363 Taylor, Harriet (later wife of J. S. Mill),
228n, 229, 238, 240, 248 Taylor, Helen, 249 technocrats, 2 1 6, 242n teleology, 105, 107-9, 1 18 Tennyson, Alfred, 1st Baron, 62 theocrats, 2 I 6
theology: and attaining truth, 75 Theophrastes, 3 20
theory and practice: unity of, 230 n Thomas, William, 362 Thompson, Dennis Frank, 362 thought: as human attribute, 292-3 Thrasymachus, 298-300 Three Critics of the Enlightenment (IB), xm, 350
'Three Turning-Points in the History of
Political Thought' (IB), xxvii Thucydides, 57, 148, 294, 3Oo-i, 311 Times Higher Educational Supplement, ix Times Literary Supplement, 30П, 343 Tkachev, Petr Nikitich, 71 Tocqueville, Alexis de: and State
intervention, 3 8; and social struggle, 64; rationalism, 88; on freedom, 171, 211-19; death, 2 19; prophecies, 227; Mill admires, 228; belief in variety, 238; on American democracy, 24I toleration, 9c, 92, 218-19, 229, 24c Tolstoy, Count Lev Nikolaevich, 72, I 29,
3 135^ 29c totalitarianism, 78, 83, 286, 3 51 Toynbee, Arnold Joseph, 99, 105, 158, 289 trade unionism, 68, 84 Treitschke, Heinrich von, I i 8 Trotsky, Leon, 55, 134 truth: theology and, 75; in political theory,
29o-2; and deliberate deception, 339 Tuell, Anne Kimball, 248n Turgenev, Ivan Sergeevich: Dnevnik lishnego cheloveka ('Diary of a superfluous man'), 343n; Fath""s and Children, 86 Turgot, Anne Jacques Robert, baron de
l'Aulne, 1 53 'Two Concepts of Liberty' (IB), x, xii, xvin, xxv, xxxi, 30, 50n, 352, 354, З56, 357, 3J8, 36o-i tyranny, 53-4, 208--9, 2 I 4
Ulam, Adam, xiv
understanding: and historical process, i 53-4; as key to freedom, i 89--90, 26 5; of basic ideas, 288; see also knowledge United Nations, 84 United States of America: and State responsibilities, 80; political issues in, 8 3-4; materialism, 88; self-confidence in, i87n; democracy in, 241, 284 Uritsky, Moise Solomonovich, xxix, 333-5, 351
Utilitarianism: on moulding human material, 184; on morality, 198, 342; Mill's attitude to, 221-2, 226-7, 239,
245, 25c; Bentham advocates, 224; belief in simple truths, 235, 25c; refuted by human achievers, 3 3 8 Utopianism, I 12, I 5 3, 166
Vaihinger, Hans, i23n value judgements: and determinism, 4, 8-9, 13, 21-5, 28, 116-19, 136-7; Mill on, 43; varieties of, 44-6 values: harmonisation of, 212-14, 2 16-17, 2.92
Vico, Giambattista, 95, i4on
Vico and Herder (IB), x
Villey, Micheclass="underline" Legons d'histoire de Ia
philosophie du droit, i76n Voltaire, Fran,;ois Marie Arouet de: rationalism, 2.c; historical sense, 57; influence, 89; and toleration, 1 17; on liberty, 284
Waelder, Robert, 3in
Walzer, Michael, 358, 360, 361
Warner, Stuart D., 358П
Weber, Max, 2.c, 48n, i58n
Wells, Herbert George, 20, I 12, 143, 242n
West, David, 356
White, Morton, 13 n, 14-15, 29-30, 353 Wilberforce, William, 247 Wilbur, George B., and Warner
Muensterberger, 3in Williams, Bernard Arthur Owen, 3 58, 3 59,
364
Wilson, Woodrow, 62, 84
Wollheim, Richard, 3on, 354, 359, 361, 362
Woolf, Virginia, 3c6
Wordsworth, William, 221
World Spirit, 98
Xenophon, 3 1 3n, 318
Zeitgeist, 130
Zelinsky, Kornely L., 82n
Zeller, Eduard, 3 16
Zeno, 130, 302, 306-10, 312, 316-17,
319-2.c Zionism, 360 Zola, Emile, 143
1 Quoted without a reference in German, in the article on Fichte in Entsiklo- pedicheskii slovar' (St Petersburg, 189^1907), vol. 36, p. 50, col. 2, and in Xavier Leon, Fichte et son temps (Paris, 1922-7), vol. 1, p. 47; untraced in Fichte, and possibly not correctly attributed to him. Ed.
1 I do not, of course, attribute this view either to Hegel or to Marx, whose doctrines are both more complex and far more plausible; only to the terribles simplificateurs among their followers.
III
And yet to a casual observer of the politics and the thought of the twentieth century it might at first seem that every idea and movement typical of our time is best understood as a natural development of tendencies already prominent in the nineteenth century. In the case of the growth of international institutions, for instance, this seems a truism. What are the Hague Court, the old League of Nations and its modern successor, the numerous prewar and post-war international agencies and conventions for political, economic, social and humanitarian purposes - what are they, if not the direct descendants of that liberal internationalism -