Lidia's she contributed invaluable personal glimpses, shared her letters with me, and granted me long interviews; later, she patiently reviewed my Esperanto translations and answered my many questions. For her kind and essential assistance I owe a great debt of gratitude.
I quickly realized that to do research about Lidia I would simply have to learn Esperanto. Although I had studied several other languages, I wasn't looking forward to the prospect of having to learn yet another language just in order to write a book. But I was surprised to find I could soon read Esperanto better than languages I had studied for years. Being used to associating other meanings with particular sound combinations, I found some of Esperanto's terms odd at first, but the strangeness soon wore off. I became impressed by the ideals underlying Esperanto as well as the tenacity of the language, now nearly a hundred years old, to.endure - to withstand schism, war and persecution - to face the apathy and mockery of the general public, yet attract the praise of some of the most esteemed scientific, political, literary and religious figures of the age.
Esperantists often praise the practical usefulness of the language as a neutral medium of intemational communication, but the real meaning of this did not impress itself on me until I found myself in need of a certain piece of information about Lidia which could only be provided by a certain person in Sweden. Swedish was not one of my languages and my correspondent did not know English. But no matter; Esperanto gave us a bridge to communicate with one another. Time and again this occurred, and the instant collapse of the language barrier almost left an audible crash. Without Esperanto I would never have been able to communicate with many of the people, of various nationalities, whose reminiscences provided the information for this book.
Perhaps because the book is in English it is easy to overlook an important point which readers should be aware of: a great many of the primary and secondary sources I drew on were in Esperanto, including nearly all those regarding Lidia herself. For the most part, Lidia lived her life in Esperanto: she wrote, gave speeches, confided her deepest thoughts to friends, all in Esperanto. Those who leap to criticize the language of Dr Zamenhof as not being a living or a cultural tongue should note that Lidia Zamenhof not only lived and worked in Esperanto but expressed herself eloquently in the language, in images that havenotlost their vividness, or in many cases, their relevance, after halfa century.
Because one cannot understand a person without knowing something of the historical, cultural, social and spiritual environment within which that person lived her life, I found myselfexploring Lidia's family history and the impressive figure ofLudwik Zamenhof, as well as the language he created and the ideals and beliefs Lidia shared with him and which played such an important role in her life. I discovered that Lidia and I had more in common than I had first thought. In 1980 I was astonished to discover a short story she had published in 1929 in Pola Esperantisto ('Polish Esperantist') called 'Birdo en kaĝo!' ('Bird in a Cage!'). I knew at once the source of her inspiration for that story — a passage in Some Answered Questions by 'Abdu'1-Baha - because my own, very similar tale inspired by the same statement had been published as a children's book in 1979 under the title Clementine and the Cage.
The story of the life ofLidia Zamenhof touches many other subjects - the history of the Jews in Poland, the life and thought of Ludwik Zamenhof, the Esperanto movement, the Baha'f Faith, the two world wars, the Holocaust. Naturally, in this biography it was only possible and desirable to include just enough details about any of these as to provide a background for Lidia's own story. The necessity to compress history into a background for a portrait means that one must regretfully omit many events of the period covered which, however interesting and important in their own right, were not of crucial significance in the subject's own life. The story ofLudwik Zamenhof, as presented in this book, is merely a brief sketch and by no means complete. I hope that readers will finish the book with a curiosity to learn more about him, as well as other topics touched upon, and I encourage them to do so. Readers of English are fortunate to have available Maijorie Boulton's biography, Zamenhof, Creator of Esperanto (London: Routledge and KeganPaul, 1960).
I hope that I will be forgiven for not providing bibliographical footnotes. As this is not intended as a scholarly or academic book, I felt that, for the majority of readers, such footnotes would be more of a hindrance than a help since many of the sources are not readily available to the general reader. For the benefit of those interested, a note on sources is appended.
For the most part, quoted passages originally in Esperanto were translated by me, with the exception of some excerpts from the speeches and writings of Ludwik Zamenhof, which were translated by Marjorie Boulton and are reprinted with the kind permission of Dr Boulton and her English publisher, Routledge and Kegan Paul. I would also like to thank Dr Boulton, who is a noted Esperanto poet, for translating the poem 'Lidia Zamenhof, kor fervora . . .' by Kalman Kalocsay, specially for this book.
Some readers may note that in other published works Lidia's name is often given as 'Lidja'. Until about 1936 she used that spelling, but after that date she spelled her name 'Lidia' in accord with offidal changes in Polish orthography introduced that year. Because this was her choice, I have followed it throughout this book and have taken the liberty of changing quoted material to conform to this style.
Place names have been given as in Webster's Dictionary, or, if not listed therein, as found in the New Oxford Atlas.
This book could never have been written without the assistance of a large number of people all over the world, who gave generously of their time, their hospitality and their memories. I would like to express my deep gratitude to Mrs Roan OrloffStone and Mrjim Stone for their hospitality in addition to the enormous help, mentioned above, which Mrs Stone has generously given me over the years.
I am greatly indebted to Dr Kent Beveridge of Vienna, Austria, for his patient and tireless efforts, including all the translations of material in German quoted in Chapter 5, arranging interviews for me in Vienna, uncovering and pursuing the story of Fritz Macco, obtaining documents and photographs and searching without complaint for the answers to my endless questions.
The assistance, over the years, ofDr Andre Vedrine ofLyon, France, has been invaluable. Dr Vedrine generously gave ofhis time and effort, gathering information about Lidia Zamenhof in France and locating people who had known her. It was largely through his efforts that I was able to find out so much about the period Lidia spent in France. The Esperantists of France were extremely helpful, sending me letters, reminiscences and photographs. I must mention in particular the Esperantists of Lyon and Villeurbanne, whose kindness, hospitality and enthusiasm showed me at once why Lidia came to feel that Lyon was a second home: Blanche Clavier, Pierre Dehan, Yvonne Gallon, Raymond Gonin and Mrs Gonin, Cecile Pral, Rene Lemaire, Gabriel and Marie Antoinette 'Olga' Eyssautier, Dr Andre Vedrine and Ida Vedrine. Others who, thanks to the efforts ofDr Vedrine, contributed valuable information werejean Amouroux, Felicien Baronnet, Giselle Baudry, Paule Raynaud Delafouilhouze, E. Caille, Georges Cau, Marcel Delcourt, Andree Dessapt, Vidal Gaston, Jean Gibaux, Andre Gilles, Antoinette Guigues, Roland Jossinet and L. Robert.
I am also grateful to the many others, from many countries, who kindly allowed me access to their personal letters, photographs and reminiscences, and who made suggestions and provided other assistance, including Hans Bakker, Mies Bakker-Smith, MarcBakker, Isaj Dratwer, Alice Dudley, Elcore Ebersole, Anna Grossmann, Dr Hartmut Grossmann, Gigi Harabagiu, Christian Haug, Marion Hofman, Adolf Holzhaus, Jan Jasion, Luise Lappinger, Christian Lauridsen, Anthony A. Lee, Helene and Martin Leonard, Doris Lohse, Irmgard Macco, Margot Miessler Malkin, Samuel E. Martin, Louise Baker Matthias, Ursula Mŭhlschlegel, Melinda Ojermark, Anna Pollinger, Margaret Ruhe, Dr Charles E. Simon; Don Slocum, Lee D.