mama => mami — mummy
doga => dogi — doggie
yunkota => yunkoti — kitty
These endearment forms differ from the forms with particle -ki, as the latters may express not only endearment but also diminution:
doga-ki may mean any little dog while dogi means the pet dog. The list of productive affixes Hyphenated prefixes
ek- — denotes that something is done only one time or rather suddenly (from Hindi "ek" one):
tuki — to knock
ek-tuki — to give a knock
krai — to cry
ek-krai — to cry out
en- — denotes the beginning of action:
en-somni — to fall asleep
en-stan — to stand up
fa- — conveys the meaning "to get, to become":
gran — big
fa-gran — to increase
hao — good
fa-hao — to improve, become better
fuy- — the prefix of disgust, repugnance:
fuy-jen — a nasty person
gin- — feminine prefix:
gin-yan — ewe
gin-leker — female doctor
gin-doga — bitch
Synonymous with the suffix -ina.
gro- — augmentative/intensifying particle:
kitaba — a book
gro-kitaba — volume, folio
hao — good
gro-hao — great, excellent
haf- — half:
haf-dey — half a day
haf-ora — half an hour
ko- — joint action or being:
ko-exista — co-existence
ko-senti — to feel with
ko-jen — companion, helpmate
mah- — causative prefix meaning "to make, to bring into a condition":
hao — good
mah-hao — to improve, make better
jal — to burn, be burning
mah-jal — to burn (something)
man- — masculine prefix:
man-yan — ram
man-leker — male doctor
man-doga — male dog
Synonymous with the suffix -o.
pro- — pro:
pro-guverna-ney sirkula — pro-government circles
pro-westa-ney stata — a pro-Western state
swa- — self- (directed at oneself):
swa-luba — self-love
swa-kontrola — self-control
shma- — disparaging prefix:
shma-kaval — nag
shma-dom — shack
stif- — "step":
stif-mata — stepmother
stif-patra — stepfather Prefixes
bu — negation:
gran — big
bugran — not big, not great
komparibile — comparable
bukomparibile — incomparable
de(s) — opposite action ("des" if before a vowel):
desharji — discharge
desorganisi — disorganize
dus — "bad, mal-, ill-":
fauha — smell
dusfauha — fetor, stench
trati — to treat
dustrati — to maltreat
dusfama-ney — ill-famed
dustaim — bad times
kontra — counter-:
kontratoxin — antidote
mis — incorrectly, wrongly:
misyusi — to misuse
miskalkuli — to miscalculate
no — makes antonyms:
juste — just
nojuste — unjust
pinchan — ordinary
nopinchan — extraordinary
pra — means:
1) remote kinship:
praopa — great-grandfather
prajanmer — forebear
2) primordiality, antiquity:
pralingwa — parent language
prajen — ancestor, forefather
pre — precedence, pre-, fore-:
previdi — to foresee
pre-existi — to preexist
prenam — forename
preyeri — the day before yesterday
pregoer — predecessor
prejuda — prejudice
ras — separation, division, or dispersion:
muvi — to move
rasmuvi — to move apart
dai — to give
rasdai — to distribute, give to several people
sendi — to send
rassendi — to send out/round
lwo — to fall
raslwo — to fall to pieces
ri — again, anew:
riapari — to reappear
rizwo — to redo
sin — -less:
sinsensu-ney — senseless
sinvalor-ney — of no value
tra — through(out):
tralekti — to read through (from begining to end)
tranochi — to spend the night
yun — with names of animals means young animaclass="underline"
doga — dog
yundoga — pup
kota — cat
yunkota — kitten Suffixes
bile — "-able, -ible":
samaji — understand
samajibile — understandable
vidi — see
vidibile — visible
chi — to eat
chibile — eatable
dan — denotes container:
chaydan — teapot
nayudan — butterdish
milkadan — milk-can
em — adverb suffix:
klare — clear
klarem — clearly
er — "doer or tool":
plei — play
pleier — player (person or device)
fen — forms fractions:
un (de) trifen — one third
sem (de) shifen — seven tenths
ful — "possessing (esp. in great quantity), full of":
joisaful — joyful
jivaful — lively, sprightly, vivacious
lumaful — spotlit, luminous, alight
misteriaful — mysterious
danjaful — dangerous
guan — "institution, establishment":
fanguan — dining-rooms, canteen, restaurant
frisiguan — hairdresser's
kitabaguan — library
printiguan — printing-house
ifi — "to get, to become":
iri — be angry
irifi — get angry
klare — clear
klarifi — become clear(er)
(i)ka — "object, thing, something concrete". In adjectives ending in -e and nouns ending in -a, this last vowel is transformed into -ika; in other cases -ka is added. With monosyllabic i- verbs, -ika is added with a hyphen:
nove — new
novika — something new, novelty
ski — to ski
ski-ika — something for skiing
plei — to play —
pleika — toy, plaything
ike — (unstressed) derives adjectives of relation from nouns:
osean — ocean
oseanike — oceanic
harmonia — harmony
harmonike — harmonious
historia — history
historike — historical
If added to a noun ending in -a or -ia, these endings are dropped. Nouns ending in -ika produce adjectives ending in -ike:
publika => publike
gramatika => gramatike
ina — feminine suffix:
amiga — friend