amigina — girl/female friend
doga — dog
dogina — bitch
Synonymous with the prefix gin-.
inka — denotes one small part of something:
ramla — sand
ramlinka — grain of sand
snega — snow
sneginka — snowflake
pluva — rain
pluvinka — drop of rain
If added to a noun ending in -a or -ia, these endings are dropped.
ish — means "to some extent":
blan — white
blanish — whitish
interes-ney — interesting
interes-nish — more or less interesting
hao — good
haoish — passable
When adding this suffix, the final -e of adjectives or -a of nouns are dropped; -ney => -nish
isi — "to make, to bring into a condition":
detal — detail
detalisi — detail
iri — be angry
irisi — anger, enrage
klare — clear
klarisi — clarify
If added to a noun ending in -ia, "ia" is dropped:
mifologia — mythology
mifologisi — mythologise
ista — denotes a person in relation to a certain doctrine ("ism") or profession:
komunista — communist
dentista — dentist
artista — artist
(i)taa — makes abstract nouns from adjectives:
probable — probable
probablitaa — probability
jen — "man, person":
samlandajen — fellow countryman
lubijen — loved one
sendijen — envoy
lik — "characteristic of, similar in appearance or character":
matalik — maternal, motherly
amigalik — friendly
manlik — manly
ginalik — womanly
domlik — homely, cozy
suryalik — sun-like
lok — "place":
habitilok — dwelling (-place), habitation
twolilok — threshing-floor
koylok — somewhere
enilok — anywhere
menga — denotes a certain multitude, gathering of uniform objects:
moskamenga — swarm of flies
jenmenga — crowd
nesa — makes abstract nouns from adjectives:
dule — tender
dulenesa — tenderness
nik — denotes person as bearer of some characteristic feature or adherent of something:
batalnik — scrapper
fobnik — coward
shwonik — chatterer
pyannik — drunkard
safarnik — confirmed traveller
When it is added the word's last vowel may be dropped.
o — masculine suffix:
doga — dog
dogo — male dog
amiga — friend
amigo — boy/male friend
Synonymous with the prefix man-.
ple — numerals suffix:
dwaple — double, twofold
triple — triple, threefold
sa — noun suffix of general meaning, a part of pronouns koysa something, enisa anything. Forms nouns from the verbs of type 2:
flai — to fly
flaisa — flight;
gun — to work
gunsa — work
jan — to know
jansa — knowledge
shil — "having inclination or tendency to":
gun — to work
gunshil — industrious
kusi — to bite
kusishil — tending to bite
fobi — to fear
fobishil — timid, timorous
-te (hyphenated) — past tense marker:
ta shwo-te — he said
val — "worthy":
admirival — admirable
sey filma es goval — this film is worth going to see
sey geim es pleival — this game is worth playing
vati — used for deriving verbs in cases where the use of –i is undesirable:
chay — tea
chayvati koywan — to take smb to tea
surya — sun
suryavati koysa— to sun smth
yuan — "employee, worker, organization member":
kafeeyuan — cafe worker
partiayuan — party member
polisyuan — policeman
koalisionyuan — coalition member
The prefixes anti-, arki-, auto-, bi-, ex-, mono-, multi-, poli-, pseudo-, retro-, which occur in technical and scientific words, need not be explained. They are not hyphenated. Prepositions, conjunctions
A
1) preposition of aim, direction, "to":
Treba go a shop. — One should go to the shop.
Lu he returni a Moskva. — He returned to Moscow.
2) dative case preposition, "to":
Me dai kitaba a ela. — I give the book to her.
Me rakonti a yu. — I tell you.
Ela shwo a lu. — She says to him.
Afte
After (in temporal as well as spatial meaning); in (in temporal meaning):
un afte otre — one after another
afte se — after this
afte tri dey — in three days
aftemanya — the day after tomorrow
Al
1) with verbs denotes simultaneity of actions (= "verb+yen"):
Al pasi bus-stopika me he vidi ke lu stan dar. — Passing the bus-stop I saw him standing there.
al shwo om se — when speaking about it;
al kupi auto — when buying a car
2) introduces current circumstances, situation, denotes simultaneity:
al to — at that, in the process
al bakdao — on the way back
al klosi-ney dwar — behind closed doors, with doors closed
al sey halat — under these conditions
al un-ney kansa — at first sight
Me joi al vidi yu. — I am glad to see you.
Along
Along:
along riva — along the river
along gata — along the street
An
indicates object of action:
fai gola an koysa – take aim at smth
darba an tabla – a strike on the table
wuli an luna — howl at the moon
kansa an dwar — a glance at the door
lopi kun sikin an koywan — to run at someone with a knife
Aus
(preposition and adverb) out (of):
1) expresses movement outwards:
Lai aus! — Come out!
Lu go-te aus shamba. — He went out of the room.
2) denotes materiaclass="underline"
botela aus glas — bottle made of glass, glass bottle
Ausen
(preposition and adverb) outside (at what place?), beyond the limits of:
ausen dom — outside the house
Me jivi ausen urba. — I live out of town.
Dwar bu ofni fon ausen. — The door does not open from outside.
Ausen ye frosta. — It freezes outdoors.
ausen-temperatura — the outside temperature
lo ausen — the outside
Avanen
(preposition and adverb) ahead (of):
avanen kolona — ahead of the column
Lu es dalem avanen. — He is far ahead.
May kloka es pet minuta avanen. — My watch is 5 minutes fast.
Baken
(preposition and adverb) behind (at what place?):