Me jan to. — I know that. ("Me jan it" would mean "I know it (something inanimate)").
Declension of personal pronouns
Personal pronouns are invariable:
Me jan ke yu lubi me. — I know that you love me.
Me dumi mucho om yu. — I think much about you.
Ob yu dumi-te mucho om me? — Did you think much about me?
Ela lubi lu. — She loves him.
Lu lubi ela. — He loves her.
The dative case is marked with the preposition "a":
Dai a me sey kitaba, plis! — Give me please this book!
Me dai sey kitaba a ela. — I give this book to her.
Lu diki a nu luy nove bao. — He shows us his new bag.
Dai a li pyu taim. — Give them more time.
Possessive forms of personal pronouns
These may be regularly derived with the help of the particle “ney”:
me-ney nu-ney yu-ney yu-ney
yu-oli-ney ta-ney
lu-ney
ela-ney
it-ney li-ney
But there are also shorter forms:
may nuy yur yur suy (luy, elay)
suy ley
may — my
yur — your (sg., pl.)
suy — its, his, her, one's (general for 3rd person singular)
luy — his
elay — her
nuy — our
ley — their
Suy is the universal possessive pronoun for the 3rd person singular. It can be used instead of ta-ney, lu-ney, ela-ney, it-ney:
Suy jamile okos. — His/her beautiful eyes.
Es auto, suy kolor es rude. — This is a car, its colour is red.
It is natural to use "suy" or "ta-ney" in situations when the gender of a person is not specified:
Jen yusi ta-ney jansa fo adapti a milyoo. — Man uses his knowledge in order to adjust to the environment.
Demonstrative pronouns se and to
se — this (as a noun)
to — that (as a noun)
sey — this, these (before a noun, as an adjective)
toy — that, those (before a noun, as an adjective)
SE — this.
Used as a noun. Se, as compared with to, indicates a closer (in time or place) object, action, event, etc.
Se es auto. — This is a car (these are cars). (‘Se’ may be omitted in such sentences: Es auto. — This is a car, literally "is car".)
Me jan se. — I know this.
TO — that.
Used as a noun. To, as compared with se, indicates a more remote (in time or place) object, action, event, etc.
Se es auto e to es bisikla. — This is a car, and that is a bicycle.
To es avion, bu faula. — That is an airplane, not a bird.
Me ve shwo a yu om to. — I shall tell you about that.
Me jan to. — I know that/it.
To es — that is, i. e.
The expression "to ke" denotes "the thing(s) which, what":
To ke yu shwo a me es prave. — What you tell me is right.
SEY — this, these (before a noun, as an adjective).
Sey auto es hwan. — This car is yellow.
Sey autos es hwan. — These cars are yellow.
Ob sey dafta es yu-ney? — Is this copybook yours?
Sey daftas bu es yu-ney, es me-ney. — These copybooks aren't yours, they are mine.
TOY — that, those (before a noun, as an adjective).
Sey auto es hwan e toy auto es blu. — This car is yellow, and that car is blue.
Hu es toy jen? — Who is that person?
Ob toy dafta es yu-ney? — Is that copybook yours?
Toy daftas bu es yu-ney, es me-ney. — Those copybooks aren't yours, they are mine.
Sey-la, toy-la
Sey-la, toy-la — this (one) or that (one), the one — may replace objects already mentioned.
Examples:
Dai a me kitaba! — Kwel? — Sey-la on tabla. — Give me the book! — Which one? — The one on the table.
Dai a me kitabas! — Kwel? — Sey-las on tana. — Give me books! — Which ones? — These ones on the shelf.
Walaa dwa kitaba. Sey-la es hao e toy-la es buhao. — Here are two books. This one is good, and that one is bad.
Walaa daftas. Sey-las es fo skribi e toy-las es fo rasmi. — Here are copybooks. These are for writing, and those are for drawing.
Interrogative and relative pronouns
kwo
what:
Kwo es? — What is it?
Me jan kwo yu dumi. — I know what you think.
ke
1) that (relative pronoun):
Me jan ke yu lubi me. — I know that you love me.
2) begins a modifying group after a noun, without prepositions:
Kitaba ke yu he lekti. — The book that you have read.
Dom ke nu jivi. — The house in which we live.
Jen ke me shwo. — The man I am talking about.
Dao ke yu go. — The way you are going.
kwel
what, which (interrogative):
Kwel es lu? — What is he like?
Kwel de li? — Which (one) from them?
kel
which, what (relative):
jen kel zai lekti kitaba — the person that is reading a book;
kitaba om kel nu shwo-te — the book about which we spoke.
Combination "lo kel" means "what, which" as a noun:
Ela lai-te sun, lo kel joisi-te me gro. — She came quickly which pleased me much.
In the genitive kel-ney:
profesor kel-ney kitabas nulwan lekti — the professor whose books nobody reads.
komo
1) how, in what way:
Komo lu zin-te hir? — How did he enter here?
Me bu jan komo lu zin-te hir. — I don't know how he entered.
2) how, how much:
Komo gao es toy baum? — How high is that tree?
kom
1) as (in comparisons, references):
gran kom elefanta — big as an elefant;
kom me yo shwo-te — as I've already said;
2) as, in the capacity of:
nau me gun kom disainer — now I work as a designer.
kwanto
how much, as much, how many, as many:
kwanto it kosti? — how much does it cost?
Me bu ve pagi tanto kwanto lu yao. — I will not pay as much as he wants.
tanto
so much, so many, thus much:
tanto kway kom posible — as quick as possible
Me es gro-fatigi-ney! Bu gai gun tanto. — I am so tired! I shouldn't work so much.
tanto kwanto treba — as much as needed.
tanto ke me jan — as far as I know
bu tanto…kom — not so much…as.
Other
way —
why
wen —
when
wo —
where
fon wo —
where from
a wo —
where, where to
Indefinite personal pronoun oni
Makes impersonal sentences like:
oni shwo — they say
oni samaji ke... — one understands that..., it's clear that...
Reflexive pronoun swa
Common reflexive pronoun for all persons and numbers:
yu jan swa — you know yourself
ela heni swa — she hates herself
me he woshi swa — I washed myself
lu he rasi swa — he shaved himself
li senti swa hao — they feel themselves good.
The possessive form is swa-ney (one's own, my own, your own, our own, their own):
bay swa-ney okos — with one's own eyes.
The pronoun wan
It means an individual: