riapari — to reappear
rizwo — to redo.
tra — through(out):
tralekti — to read through (from begining to end);
tranochi — to spend the night.
Verb suffixes
isi — makes transitive verbs, means "to make, render, transform into, bring into a condition" (same as mah-):
agni — fire
agnisi — fire up, burn up
detal — detail (noun)
detalisi — detail (verb)
iri — be angry
irisi — anger, enrage
aktive — active
aktivisi — activate
klare — clear
klarisi — clarify
elektre — electric
elektrisi — electrify
If added to a noun ending in -ia, "-ia" is dropped:
mifologia mythology — mifologisi mythologise.
ifi — makes intransitive verbs, means "to get, to become" (same as fa-):
agni — fire
agnifi — flame up, burst into flame
iri — be angry
irifi — get angry
aktive — active
aktivifi — become more active
klare — clear
klarifi — become clear(er)
elektre — electric
elektrifi — electrify, become electric
vati — used for deriving verbs in cases where the use of –i is undesirable:
chay — tea
chayvati koywan — to take smb to tea
dandi — dandy, fop
dandivati — behave foppishly
kao — handcuffs
kaovati — to handcuff
pao — bubble
paovati — to bubble, form bubbles
surya — sun
suryavati koysa— to sun smth Nouns Noun endings
Most nouns end in -a or consonants (but, as a rule, not 'b', 'g' or 'd'):
lingwa — language
jiva — life
kordia — heart
vagon — carriage
situasion — situation
aksham — evening
profesor — professor
dwar — door
nivel — level
mes — month
fish — fish
chokolat — chocolate
handak — ditch
taraf — side
Nouns may end also in other vowels:
kino — cinema
oko — eye
shampu — shampoo
madu — honey
kafee — cafe
shosee — highway
mani — money
gari — cart
taxi — taxi
chay — tea
skay — sky
The word "ski" ski, to ski has the same form as a noun and as a verb. The singular
The basic noun form does not convey the grammatical meaning of singularity. To specify singularity, use "un" (one) or the optional marker of the singular "ge" (piece, single item):
doga — dog/dogs
un doga, doga-ge — one dog. Plurals
The basic noun form does not convey the grammatical meaning of singularity. To specify singularity, use "un" one. In order to specify plurality, the plural form of noun may be used. Its ending is -(e)s. If a noun ends in a vowel, add -s; otherwise add -es:
lingwa — language/languages
lingwas — languages
boy — boy/boys
boys — boys
aksham — evening/evenings
akshames — evenings
• When speaking generally about a group or class of uniform objects, plural endings are not used:
Yan chi bush. — Sheep eat bushes.
Amiga sempre helpi. — A friend always helps.
Bobra es animal. — Beavers are animals.
• After any indication of plurality (numerals; quantifiers like ‘mucho’ many, much, ‘kelke’ several, some, ‘shao’ little, ‘ambi’ both, ‘grupa de’ a group of, ‘menga de’ a lot of, ‘para’ a pair of; plural subject, personal pronouns 'nu' we, 'li' they), as a rule, plural endings are not used:
pet jen — five people
tristo dolar — three hundred dollars
trishi kilometra — thirty kilometers
mucho yar — many years
shao jen — few people
kelke pes sukra — some pieces of sugar
oli dey — all days
oli jen — all people
Sey jenta es hao guner. — These people are good workers.
(Jenta means folk, (a particular group of) people).
Li es may amiga. — They are my friends.
Luy amigas es studenta. — His friends are students.
Toy kelke rosa es jamile. — Those roses are beautiful.
(lit.: Those some roses are beautiful).
A note: plural endings may be used after “mucho” and “shao” in order to specify that countable objects are implied (in cases where a noun may be countable as well as uncountable):
shao ananas — few pineapples or little of pineapple
shao ananases — few pineapples
shao de ananas — little of pineapple
mucho fish — many fishes or much fish
mucho fishes — many fishes
mucho de fish — much fish.
• In case of pair objects the plural endings are usually used:
okos — eyes
labas — lips
handas — hands
plechas — shoulders. Sex indication
There is no grammatical gender. Animate nouns may be of both sexes:
doga — a dog (never mind whether male or female)
amiga — friend (generally)
gova — a bull or a cow (such notion is practical in plural form: govas — cows and bulls)
swina — a pig of any sex
gansa — a goose or a gander (gansas — geese).
If there is need to indicate sex, it may be done two ways.
The first, more frequent, way is the use of particles ‘man’ and ‘gin’:
man-doga — male dog
gin-doga — female dog
man-studentas — male students (‘studentas’ are students generally)
man-gova — bull
gin-gova — cow
man-swina — boar.
Another, less frequent, way is the use of suffixes -o for masculine and -ina for feminine. If a noun ends in -a, the latter is dropped, otherwise the suffix is simply added:
rega — king/queen
rego — king
regina — queen
dogo — male dog
dogina — female dog
studento — male student
studentina — female student
govo — bull
govina — cow
swino — male pig
swinina — female pig
ganso — gander
gansina — female goose.
It is obvious that it is not always needed to indicate sex, so it is correct to say:
Ela es hao leker. — She is a good doctor.
Ela es hao amiga. — She is a good friend.
Juchka es pumbe doga. — Zhuchka is a silly dog.
• In several cases different words are used for the male and female:
mata/patra — mother/father
oma/opa — grandmother/grandfather
docha/son — daughter/son
kindocha/kinson — granddaughter/grandson