648 Ibid., p. 195.
649 Ibn Qutayba, Kitábu ’l-Ma‘árif, p. 269.
650 While Abú ‘Ubayda was notorious for his freethinking proclivities, Aṣma‘í had a strong vein of pietism. See Goldziher, loc. cit., p. 199 and Abh. zur Arab. Philologie, Part I, p. 136.
651 Professor Browne has given a résuméof the contents in his Lit. Hist. of Persia, vol. i, p. 387 seq.
652 Ed. by Max Grünert (Leyden, 1900).
653 Vol. i ed. by C. Brockelmann (Weimar and Strassburg, 1898-1908).
654 The epithet jáḥiẓmeans 'goggle-eyed.'
655 See p. 267.
656 Ibn Khallikán, De Slane's translation, vol. ii, p. 250.
657 One of these, the eleventh of the complete work, has been edited by Ahlwardt: Anonyme Arabische Chronik(Greifswald, 1883). It covers part of the reign of the Umayyad Caliph, ‘Abdu ’l-Malik (685-705 a.d.).
658 The French title is Les Prairies d'Or. Brockelmann, in his shorter Hist. of Arabic Literature(Leipzig, 1901), p. 110, states that the correct translation of Murúju ’l-Dhahabis 'Goldwäschen.'
659 Concerning Ṭabarí and his work the reader should consult De Goeje's Introduction (published in the supplementary volume containing the Glossary) to the Leyden edition, and his excellent article on Ṭabarí and early Arab Historians in the Encyclopædia Britannica.
660 Abu ’l-Maḥásin, ed. by Juynboll, vol. i, p. 608.
661 Selection from the Annals of Tabarí, ed. by M. J. de Goeje (Leyden, 1902), p. xi.
662 De Goeje's Introduction to Ṭabarí, p. xxvii.
663 Al-Bal‘amí, the Vizier of Manṣúr I, the Sámánid, made in 963 a.d. a Persian epitome of which a French translation by Dubeux and Zotenberg was published in 1867-1874.
664 Murúju ’l-Dhahab, ed. by Barbier de Meynard, vol. i, p. 5 seq.
665 The Akhbáru ’l-Zamánin thirty volumes (one volume is extant at Vienna) and the Kitáb al-Awsaṭ.
666 Murúju ’l-Dhahab, p. 9 seq.
667 It may be noted as a coincidence that Ibn Khaldún calls Mas‘údí imám anlil-mu’arrikhín, "an Imám for all the historians," which resembles, though it does not exactly correspond to, "the Father of History."
668 Mas‘údí gives a summary of the contents of his historical and religious works in the Preface to the Tanbíh wa-’l-Ishráf, ed. by De Goeje, p. 2 sqq. A translation of this passage by De Sacy will be found in Barbier de Meynard's edition of the Murúju ’l-Dhahab, vol. ix, p. 302 sqq.
669 See Murúj, vol. i, p. 201, and vol. iii, p. 268.
670 Ibid., vol. ii, p. 372 sqq.
671 De Sacy renders the title by 'Le Livre de l'Indication et de l'Admonition ou l'Indicateur et le Moniteur'; but see De Goeje's edition of the text (Leyden, 1894), p. xxvii.
672 The full title is Kitábu ’l-Kámil fi ’l-Ta’ríkh, or 'The Perfect Book of Chronicles.' It has been edited by Tornberg in fourteen volumes (Leyden, 1851-1876).
673 Ibn Khallikán, De Slane's translation, vol. ii, p. 289.
674 An excellent account of the Arab geographers is given by Guy Le Strange in the Introduction to his Palestine under the Moslems(London, 1890). De Goeje has edited the works of Ibn Khurdádbih, Iṣṭakhrí, Ibn Ḥawqal, and Muqaddasí in the Bibliotheca Geographorum Arabicorum(Leyden, 1870, &c.)
675 De Slane's translation, vol. iv, p. 9 sqq.
676 P. 243.
677 The translators employed by the Banú Músá were paid at the rate of about 500 dínárs a month ( ibid., p. 43, l. 18 sqq.).
678 Ibid., p. 271; Ibn Khallikán, De Slane's translation, vol. iii, p. 315.
679 A chapter at least would be required in order to set forth adequately the chief material and intellectual benefits which European civilisation has derived from the Arabs. The reader may consult Von Kremer's Culturgeschichte des Orients, vol. ii, chapters 7 and 9; Diercks, Die Araber im Mittelalter(Leipzig, 1882); Sédillot, Histoire générale des Arabes; Schack, Poesie und Kunst der Araber in Spanien und Sicilien; Munk, Mélanges de Philosophie Juive et Arabe; De Lacy O'Leary, Arabic Thought and its Place in History(1922); and Campbell, Arabian Medicine and its Influence on the Middle Ages(1926). A volume entitled The Legacy of the Islamic World, ed. by Sir T. W. Arnold and Professor A. Guillaume, is in course of publication.
680 Ibn Khallikán, De Slane's translation, vol. i, p. 440.
681 The Chronology of Ancient Nations(London, 1879) and Alberuni's India(London, 1888).
682 P. 384 sqq.
683 The passages concerning the Ṣábians were edited and translated, with copious annotations, by Chwolsohn in his Ssabier und Ssabismus(St. Petersburg, 1856), vol. ii, p. 1-365, while Flügel made similar use of the Manichæan portion in Mani, seine Lehre und seine Schriften(Leipzig, 1862).
684 Wellhausen, Das Arabische Reich, p. 350 seq.
685 See Goldziher, Muhamm. Studien, Part II, p. 53 sqq.
686 Ibid., p. 70 seq.
687 Fragmenta Historicorum Arabicorum, ed. by De Goeje and De Jong, p. 298.
688 There are, of course, some partial exceptions to this rule, e.g., Mahdí and Hárún al-Rashíd.
689 See p. 163, note.
690 Several freethinkers of this period attempted to rival the Koran with their own compositions. See Goldziher, Muhamm. Studien, Part II, p. 401 seq.
691 Al-Nujúm al-Záhira, ed. by Juynboll, vol. i, p. 639.
692 This is the literal translation of Ikhwánu ’l-Safá, but according to Arabic idiom 'brother of purity' ( akhu ’l-ṣafá) simply means 'one who is pure or sincere,' as has been shown by Goldziher, Muhamm. Studien, Part I, p. 9, note. The term does not imply any sort of brotherhood.
693 Ibnu ’l-Qifṭí, Ta’ ríkhu ’l-Ḥukamá(ed. by Lippert), p. 83, l. 17 sqq.
694 Notice sur un manuscrit de la secte des Assassins, by P. Casanova in the Journal Asiatiquefor 1898, p 151 sqq.
695 De Goeje, Mémoire sur les Carmathes, p. 172.
696 Ṣâliḥ b. ‘Abd al-Quddûs und das Zindîḳthum während der Regierung des Chalifen al-Mahdí in Transactions of the Ninth Congress of Orientalists, vol. ii, p. 105 seq.
697 Ṭabarí, iii, 522, 1.
698 I.e.the sacred books of the Manichæans, which were often splendidly illuminated. See Von Kremer, Culturgesch. Streifzüge, p. 39.
699 Cf.Ṭabarí, iii, 499, 8 sqq.
700 Ibid., iii, 422, 19 sqq.
701 Cf.the saying " Aẓrafu mina ’l-Zindíq" (Freytag, Arabum Proverbia, vol. i, p. 214).
702 As Professor Bevan points out, it is based solely on the well-known verse ( Aghání, iii, 24, l. 11), which has come down to us without the context:—
" Earth is dark and Fire is bright, And Fire has been worshipped ever since Fire existed."
703 These popular preachers ( quṣṣáṣ) are admirably described by Goldziher, Muhamm. Studien, Part II, p. 161 sqq.
704 The Arabic text of these verses will be found in Goldziher's monograph, p. 122, ll. 6-7.
705 See a passage from the Kitábu ’l-Ḥayawán, cited by Baron V. Rosen in Zapiski, vol. vi, p. 337, and rendered into English in my Translations from Eastern Poetry and Prose, p. 53. Probably these monks were Manichæans, not Buddhists.