What was happening around him when he wrote this work? Sorry — when he composed this work. [……] Well, yes, he was ill. He was dying. [……] Okay, he was also a pauper. But he had more important things on his mind. [……] What? His family I suppose. [……] Nothing more? [……] The world was at war, sillies. Everywhere. It was a very large war, deserving the name of “World.” It contained countless smaller ones, and the smaller ones were made of campaigns and battles, deadly encounters and single shootings, calamities on all fronts. But history can hold up for our inspection many different sorts of wars, and World War Two was made of nearly all of them: trade wars — tribal wars — civil wars — wars by peaceful means — wars of ideas — wars over oil — over opium — over living space — over access to the sea — whoopee, the war in the air — among feudal houses — raw raw siss-boom-bah — so many to choose from — holy wars — battles on ice floes between opposing ski patrols — by convoys under sub pack attacks — in the desert there might be a dry granular war fought between contesting tents, dump trucks, and tanks — or — one can always count on the perpetual war between social classes — such as — whom do you suppose? the Rich, the Well Off, the Sort Of, the So-So, and the Starving — or — the Smart, the Ordinary, and the Industriously Ignorant — or — the Reactionary and the Radical — not just the warmongers for war but those conflicts by pacifists who use war to reach peace — the many sorts of wars that old folks arrange, the middle-aged manage, and the young fight — oh, all of these, and sometimes simultaneously — not to neglect the wars of pigmentation: color against color, skin against skin, slant versus straight, the indigenous against immigrants, city slickers set at odds with village bumpkins, or in another formulation: factory workers taught to shake their fists at field hands (that’s hammer at sickle) — ah, yes — the relevant formula, familiar to you, I’m sure, is that scissors cut paper, sprawl eats space—Raum! — then in simpler eras, wars of succession — that is, wars to restore some king to his john or kill some kid in his cradle — wars between tribes kept going out of habit — wars to keep captured countries and people you have previously caged, caged — wars in search of the right death, often requiring suicide corps and much costly practice — wars, it seems, just for the fun of it, wars about symbols, wars of words—uns so weiter—wars to sustain the manufacture of munitions — bombs, ships, planes, rifles, cannons, pistols, gases, rockets, mines — wars against scapegoats to disguise the inadequacies of some ruling party — a few more wars — always a few more, wars fought to shorten the suffering, unfairness, and boredom of life.
Bartók never carried a gun or felt the shame of defeat on the field; but you should remember that Béla von Bartók was a Hungarian whose birthplace had been cut from its country like a side of beef from its carcass, and, by its political butchers, given to Romania to devour in 1920. In protest, he dressed like a Hungarian, however that would be. He vowed to speak only his native tongue. Hungarian isn’t easy for anybody, so if you know how to speak it, you tend to brag. He dropped his “von” like a third shoe. He wrote a symphonic tone poem about Kossuth, a popular political figure. Bartók’s interest in local music, and eventually his loyalty to a generous variety of Balkan folk songs and dances (Hungarian, Romanian, Ukrainian, Slovak, even Bulgar) is demonstrated by the composer’s lifelong effort to record, protect, and encourage the survival of native styles while integrating their contributions into the more prestigious and demanding international movements. [….…] I see you writing. Should I repeat that?
In the Great War … Surely … surely … you are acquainted with this conflict …? [……] May heaven help me to the door. [… um …] Oh yes, many of you, I see. Well, I shall not embarrass you by demanding a definition of “Axis.” [……] A significant part of that worldwide confrontation—“on sea, on land, and in the air”—was the struggle between Germany and Russia that took place on what was called the eastern front. Why east? [… um …] Because, on maps, Poland is depicted as east of France. [……] When World War Two began, the Russians were profiting from the German invasion of Poland to scoop up a few hunks of the smaller eastern countries — Baltic and Balkan — for themselves. At the same time that this was going on, the capitalist countries (including Germany) were the Soviets’ … that’s Russia’s … antagonists in a noncombative, or “cold” war, as well … it was called a cold war, not because it snowed throughout, but because there was no shooting … because the Russians were Communists … and we — especially the U.S. — were at words if not at swords against the Reds … Left-wingers are still called Reds … No, it is not a gang name. [……] I hope this isn’t too confusing for you. [……] The fact is that through World War Two, the USSR was first an enemy … because, as I said, it was a Communist country … the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics … then it was an ally … because it was also fighting the Nazis … NAZIs … and then an enemy again when the war ended because it was still Communist. I mention this — yes, the Germans were called National Socialists. Yes, they were capitalist and socialists. Yes, they were fascists, too. I am trying to explain that a friend, while remaining a friend, can be a foe, and as a foe, a greater foe than if it had never been a friend. You see? a dissonance heard in one place can be harmonious when heard in another. What would two mirrors, facing each other, see? The Soviet Union and the Third Reich. A theme and its inversion. “Monstrous” spelled “suortsnom.” [… um …] Something like that.
A theme will meet its match and be momentarily banished from the flow, only to return later to sing in harmony with that early enemy as though nothing bad had ever happened between them. By reopposing, end it. If you wish a crude but commonly employed example, think of the “1814 Overture” of Tchaikovsky, played to death, so that it only appears in performance as a zombie. It is partly built upon a battle of anthems. Some idiot fires a cannon. Ah, hands at last. So good of you. 1812. [… um …] Yes. “La Marseillaise.”
This is not a course in military history. Yet I do not digress. Music, too, has its necessary opposites, ripe peaches that relish their worms. Don’t scrape your chair. I might mention Rimsky-Korsakov and Mussorgsky — in fact, I have — they represent nationalistic fervor, while pretty old Tchaikovsky suits up for the cosmopolitan high hat. Hah. I know a secret about him that you must hunt for. Nor can we ignore the snobbish claim of superiority made by the Bach-to-Beethoven Teutonic Club over the Polish-French connection established by Chopin and Liszt, or the pronounced lack of enthusiasm of the followers of Berlioz toward the person, work, and partisans of Wagner who persist in thinking that the Ring is more impressive than Les Troyens. All right — you should say at this point — but what about that fellow Liszt, wasn’t he transcribing both Mozart and Wagner for the piano? [……] Oh, Liszt needed to be a leader of every movement. He had to do well by all and sundry, even Bellini. These transcriptions were once ridiculed by critics but now they are widely appreciated and admired. [……] This proves nothing, one way or the other. [……] Liszt was handsomely paid in money, fame, and sexual favor. In all things the fellow was an accomplished performer: so affected when he entered the chamber, such a show-off as he sat before the keys, and what a virtuoso with his fingers. I’ve been told ladies fainted as a consequence of the close salon air, their cinched waists, and alleged emotion. Liszt was a womanizer who became religious just to see how it felt, I’d like to think, and to be on God’s good side when he died, but even in childhood he voiced his desire to become a monk [……] okay, a priest [……] — both ridiculous — and, although during his life he sinned repeatedly, in his old age he demonstrated his devotion to the Catholic church, in the laudable sacrifice of his talent, by offering to its altar many sacred works. The pope who was Pius at the time made Liszt an abbey. There is nothing unusual about this combination. Members of the Sicilian mafia love their mothers, their murders, their boys’ club, and their God. So Liszt can be both a programmer — ideal for bourgeois tastes — yet a darling of the avant guard. [… um …] Now I remember why we are here. Well, I am here at least. Liszt, a fellow Hungarian, was an enormous early influence on Bartók. The man traveled the piano, coast to coast, like a coach. Late Liszt, my young friends, anticipates almost everything including the whole-tone scale. [……] Did you know one of his kids, Cosima, married Wagner? [……] She was a notable bitch. Isn’t that how you say it? Liszt made an enormous contribution to the very notation that composes a score, but I cannot take time for that here, or offer you juicy stories about his girlfriends though there is a shelfful, along with a lot of books.