The best surveys are those contained in E.V. Anthony, A History of Mosaics (1935, reprinted 1968); and P. Fischer, Das Mosaik (1969). Specific instances are discussed in Frank R. DiFederico, The Mosaics of Saint Peter’s: Decorating the New Basilica (1983); and Alvar González-Palacios, The Art of Mosaics: Selections from the Gilbert Collection (1982).
Mosaic
plant disease
Mosaic, plant disease caused by various strains of several hundred viruses. A number of economically important crops are susceptible to mosaic infections, including tobacco, cassava, beet, cucumber, and alfalfa. Tulip mosaic virus “breaks” tulip and lily flowers, causing attractive and colourful streaking; this rare, unusual effect drove some of the frenzy of Tulip Mania in the 17th century.
Mosaic symptoms are variable but commonly include irregular leaf mottling (light and dark green or yellow patches or streaks). Leaves are commonly stunted, curled, or puckered; veins may be lighter than normal or banded with dark green or yellow. Plants are often dwarfed, with fruit and flowers fewer than usual, deformed, and stunted. Mosaic symptoms may be masked or latent, especially at temperatures above 27 °C (81 °F), and are sometimes confused with nutrient deficiency or herbicide injury. The causal viruses are spread by aphids and other insects, mites, fungi, nematodes, and contact; pollen and seeds can carry the infection as well.
Mosaic can be avoided by using virus-free seeds and plants, growing resistant varieties, separating new from old plantings, rotating annuals, and observing stringent sanitation and pest-control measures. This article was most recently revised and updated by Melissa Petruzzello, Assistant Editor.
Citation Information
Article Title: Mosaic
Website Name: Encyclopaedia Britannica
Publisher: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
Date Published: 15 December 2017
URL: https://www.britannica.com/science/mosaic-plant-disease
Access Date: August 23, 2019