DNA 13–14, 40, 80, 314
dogs 121, 206–8, 287
‘Dolly’ (Sheep 6LL3) 322–3
Down’s syndrome 317–18
Dutch, the 141, 209–10, 298, 312, 353
Duverney, Joseph-Guichard 30, 31
dwarfs/dwarfism 169–75, 176; see also achondroplasia, pituitary dwarfism, pseudoachondroplasia, pycnodysostosis
dyenin 58
ears 81; see also auricles
Eastlack, Harry Raymond 141–3, 142, 143
ectoderm 37, 278
ectodermal dysplasia 387
ectodysplasin 287, 288
ectrodactyly 107–9, 108, 111, 115
Ecuador: dwarfs 176, 190
Efe, the 183, 327
Eisenhower, Dwight D. 281
‘Elephant Man, the’ see Merrick, James
embryos, human 18, 31, 32, 94–5; development of 35–7, 40–4, 49–51, 58–9, 93–4, 112–13, 127–8, 228–9, 237–8, 260, 276–8
Emin Pasha 180, 180, 185
Empéraire, Achille 159
ems (gene) 99
endoderm 37, 50
Eng and Chang (Siamese twins) 33, 45
epidermis: and hair 278–80
epigenesis/epigeneticists 31, 32, 47
estradiol 203, 239
estrogen, male 202–3, 239, 240
estrone 203, 239
eugenics programmes 282–3, 305
eumelanin 253, 265, 266
eunuchs 199, 201–2, 203, 282–3
eyelashes, extra 96
eyeless (gene) 99
Fabricius 9
Farinelli (Carlo Broschi) (castrato) 199–200
Farnese, Cardinal Odoardo 269
feet: club 109; missing see acheiropody; webbed 117; see also digits
Ferris, Jeffrey 298
Feunet, Jean-Pierre: Lefabuleux destin d’Amélie Poulain 159
fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) 41, 116–17, 118, 120, 126–7, 154–7, 280
fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) 141–4, 142, 143
fingers see digits
fish: cyclopic embryos 73; gills 86; and Hox genes 130; lobefinned 129–30; Medaka/scaleless 287–8; opercular bones 100; rays 129
Fontana, Lavinia: Tognina Gonsalvus 271–2
FOP see fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva
Ford, Gerald 281
‘Frau Welt’ 5
Frederick II, of Austria 11
Frederick II, Archduke of Tyrol 271
free radicals 314–15, 316, 317, 318
Freud, Sigmund 226
Frey, Julia 164
fruit flies (Drosophila) 74, 87–8, 92, 98–9, 101; caloric-restricted 312–13; and longevity 306–7, 315–17
FY gene 339
Gasseling, Mary 122–3
gastrula/gastrulation 36–7
Gegenbauer, Carl 132
Gehrig, Lou/Lou Gehrig disease 316
Genara (pygmy queen) 181
genetic variety 336–40, 345; disappearance of 346–7; in skulls 340–5, 342–3, 347
Geneviève (albino) 251, 252, 253, 254
genitalia 223–9; ambiguous 235–6, 240; see pseudoher-maphrodites; effect of chromosomes on 230–3; malformed 14, 128; of spotted hyenas 241–2
genome, human 15–16, 41, 42, 95, 101, 116
Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Étienne 46–9, 62, 99–102
Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Isidore 26, 47, 48, 169, 170;
Geranomachia (war of the pygmies) 182, 184
Gérard, Marie/Germain 236
gigantism, pituitary 178, 178–9, 207, 265
‘glass bone disease’ see osteogenesis imperfecta
goats: with extra auricles 84, 86; without forelimbs 112
Gobineau, Arthur, Comte de 262
Goethe, Johann von 49
goitres 196, 197, 198, 352
Goldschmidt, Richard 147
gonadotropin 303
gonads 18, 234; see also testes
Gonsalvus, Arrigo 269–71, 270
Gonsalvus, Petrus 271, 272, 272–3, 284, 285
Gonsalvus, Tognina 271–2
Gould, Stephen Jay 344, 346
Goya, Francisco de 119
Gratton, George Alexander 258, 259
Greek mythology 28, 68–9, 109, 181–3, 242; see also Artemis Ephesia, Homer
Greek vases 167, 184–5
‘growth hormone’ 146, 175–6, 189, 203–4, 207, 212
growth rates, human 188–9, 202; and cancers 203–7; see also height
Guanches, the 271
Guéneau de Montbeillard, Count Philibert 189
guevedoche see Salinas
Guilbert, Yvette 161, 164
guinea pigs: digits 121, 122
Gumilla, José: Orinoco illustrado 258
H-Y antigens 232
hair 276–80, 281–2, 286, 287, 288; loss of 280–4; see also hairiness, red-haired people
hairiness/hirsutism/hypertrichosis lanuginosa 268–76, 270, 272, 277, 284–5, 286
Haldane, J.B.S. 298–9, 300, 301, 302
Hamburger, Viktor 147
Hamilton, James 282–3
Hands: ectrodactylous 107–9, 108, 111, 115; missing see acheiropody; see also digits
Harvey, William 9–10; De generatione animalium 10, 51
heart attacks 16, 300, 329
hearts, extra 95–6
‘hedgehog’ genes 41, 74–5; ‘sonic’ 74, 75–7, 76, 124–5, 284
height 188–9, 211–13; of eunuchs 201–2, 203; and longevity 208–9; and poverty 209–11; and testosterone receptors 235; see also dwarfism, gigantism, ‘growth hormone’, pygmies
Hensel, Brittany and Abigail (conjoined twins) 60–1
Hephaestus 109
hermaphrodites 222, 242; see pseudoher-maphrodites
Hermaphroditus Asleep (after Poussin) 215
Hesiod: Theogony 68
Hindus, toothless 286, 287
Hirst, B.C., and Piersol, G.A.: Human monstrosities 5, 46, 74, 79
hirsutism see hairiness
Hkunungs, the 192
Hoefling, Rita 263–5
Hoefnagel, Georg: Petrus family 271
holoprosencephaly 73, 74, 75
homeobox genes 89–90, 95
homeosis/homeotic genes 86–92, 97–9
Homer: Odyssey 68, 78, 181, 182–3
Homo erectus 191
Homo neanderthalensis 191
Homo sapiens 247, 293
Homo troglodytes 249, 249–50, 251
homologies/homologues 100–1, 102; and genitalia 223, 225, 228, 229
Hopi Indians: albinism 255
Hormones: melanocyte-stimulating 265–6; and sexuality 243–4, see also estrogens, testosterone; see also ‘growth hormone’
Hottentots 350
Hox genes 92–4, 98, 126, 128, 129–31
Hufeland, Christian: Markobiotik 311
Humiecka, Comtesse de 171
Hunter, John 179, 206
Hunterian Museum, 66, 178, 179, 206, 259
Huntington, George 298
Huntington disease 297–9, 300, 301, 303
Husserl, Edmund 45
Hyde, William: descendants 304–5
hydrogen peroxide 317
hyenas 240–2
hypertelorism syndrome 77
hypertrichosis lanuginosa 269–76, 270, 272, 277, 285, 286
Ibo, the: albinos 254
Ichthyostega 132–3
insulin-growth-factor (IGF) 189, 190, 203, 204; in dogs 206, 207; in nematode worms 324–5
Inuit, the 341, 342
iodine 196, 197, 198
‘Irish Giants’ 177–8; see Byrne, Charles
isotretinoin 80