Istanbuclass="underline" eunuchs 201–2, 203, 282
Janin, Jules 26, 61
Jarawas 347
jaws 341
Johnson, Dr Samuel 182, 281
Joseph and Luka (conjoined twins) 60
Jost, Alexandre 233–4
Julius II, Pope 3, 4
Kaiser Wilhelm Institute, Berlin 146–7
Kakurlakos 249, 251, 253
Kartagener’s syndrome 56–8, 57, 60
Katie and Eilish (conjoined twins) 60
Kaunitz, Prince 171
Keibel, Franz: Normentafel…93
Keith, Sir Arthur 179
Khoisans 341
Kiutzu, the 192
Kobelt, Georg Ludwig 227, 227
Kongbaungs, the 273–4
Kruk, island of 209
kyphosis 201
labia majora and minora 229
Laloo (Indian boy) 53
lambs, cyclopic 73–4
Lamy, Maurice 164
Landriot, Monsignor J.-F 221
Landucci, Lucca 3, 4
lanugo 285
legs 110–11, 112–13, 127–8, 139, 144; missing 112, 118–20, 119
lemurs: armpit breasts 290
Lenz, W. 118
Leonardo da Vinci xv; (attrib.) Cyclopia 72, 72
Leydig cells 234, 235
Liceti, Fortunio: De monstrorum natura caussis et differentiis 1, 6, 8, 63, 71, 72
limbs see arms; legs
Linnaeus, Carl 340; Fauna svecica 290–1, 291, 292–3; Systema naturae 247–50, 249, 262
Lisbey (a piebald) 258, 259, 259–60
Lisu, the 192
lobe-fins 129–30
longevity 304–5, 306, 308–9; and diet 309–13, 325; in fruit flies 306–7, 315; and height 208–9; and human genes 325–9; in nematode worms 323–5; and reproduction 307–8, 309
lungfish 129, 130
Luther, Martin 7
Lycosthenes, Conrad: Prodigiorum…(The Doome…) 6
McBride, William 118
McLaughlin, Margaret 106–7, 108–9
Madison, James 211
Magdeleine (a piebald) 258, 259
Magellan, Ferdinand 347
malaria 339, 352
mammary glands 287; see breasts
Mangold, Hilda (née Pröscholdt) 37–9, 44–5
Mangold, Otto 44, 146
Mani, Giovanni 186–7
Manoiloff, E.O.: ‘A rare case of hereditary hexadactylism’ 122
Maphoon 275–6, 277, 286
Margaret, Duchess of Parma 271
Maria Teresa and Maria de Jésus (conjoined twins) 60
Marie Antoinette 172
Marie Sabina (a piebald) 255, 256, 257–8, 259
Marie-Theresa, Empress 171
Maroteaux, Pierre 164
Maupertuis, Pierre-Louis Moreau de 31, 122
Mead, Margaret 243
Medawar, Sir Peter 40, 302, 303, 306
Medici, Catherine de 170
Megasthenes 69
Meibomian glands 96
Melanchthon, Philipp 7
melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor (MC1R) 265–6, 267–8, 345
melanocytes 253, 260–1, 266
melanotropins 265–6
Mengele, Josef 147–8, 149, 151–2, 153
mermaid syndrome 78–82, 79
Merrick, James (‘the Elephant Man’) 205, 205–6
mesoderm 37, 39–40, 50, 92, 139, 278
messenger RNA 89
Mexican hairless dog 287
mice: boneless 140; caloric-restricted 311–12; and deletion of Hox genes 94, 131, 133; Disorganisation 96–7; dwarf 189–90; effects of age 322; with extra nipples 290; hair follicles 280, 282, 284; marsupial 308; ‘mermaid’ 79–80, 81–2; myostatin-defective 157; piebald 260; polydactylous strains 122; size and longevity 208; sonic-hedgehog-defective 75–6, 76, 125; telomerase-defective 321–2; telomeres of 322
Miniscalchi-Errizo, Count 187
miscarriages 354, 355
mitochondria 314
molecular switches see transcription factors
Molionides brothers (conjoined twins) 28
monozygotic (identical) twins 33–4
monsters 6–8, 9, 30–1; see also Ravenna, Cracow
Montaigne, Michel de 29, 236
‘moonlighters’ 317–18
Moreschi, Alessandro 201
‘morning after pill’ 94
morphogens 40, 75, 81, 82, 83, 123–4
mortality rates 329–31
Moskovitz, Yoshko 150
Mpho and Mphonyana (conjoined twins) 60
MTHFR (gene) 328
Mustapha, Domenico 200
myostatin 157
Naingvaws, the 192
Naples: Capodimonte Museum 269
neck auricles/ears/lobes 84, 84–6, 85
negritos, Andaman Island 183–4, 184, 341, 346–7
‘Nelson’s syndrome’ 264–5
nematode worms 102, 323–5; and longevity 312, 315–16, 324–5
neural crest cells 260–1
neural tube 50, 51, 66, 93, 94
neurons 42, 297, 317
newt embryos 38–9, 45
nipples, extra 289, 290, 304
noggin (protein) 40–2, 43, 141
Nsévoué (Aka pygmy) 186, 188
nucleotides 13, 298
Nungs, the 192, 194
nutrition see diet
O’Briens (‘Irish Giants’) 177–8
Onge, the 346
osteoblasts 138–9, 140, 144, 154, 160
osteoclasts 160, 161
osteogenesis imperfecta 158–9, 159, 161
osteopetrosis 160–1, 164
osteoporosis 160, 164, 299
osteosarcoma 206, 207
‘ostrich-footed people’ 110
Ovid: Ars amatoria 281; Metamorphoses xiii, 68, 69, 204–5
Ovitz, Elizabeth 148–53, 152
Ovitz, Rabbi Shimshon Isaac 149
Ovitz, Shimshon 151
‘P’ (protein) 254
Pakistan: consanguinous marriages 356
Pan Raping a Goat (statue) 83–5, 84
Papua New Guinea 191, 351–2; the Sambia 236–7, 238, 244
parapagus diprosopus 53
paraquat 314–15
parasitism 53–4, 66
Paré, Ambroise 236; Des monstres et prodiges 6, 7, 28
Parodi, Ritta and Christina (conjoined twins) 23–4, 24, 25–7, 33, 47, 48, 49, 52, 53, 54, 55, 55, 60, 61–2
Pearson, Karclass="underline" A monograph on albinism in man 245, 249, 259, 259–60
penis, the 129, 223, 227, 228, 229, 236
‘Pepin’ see Cazotte, Marc
peptides 158
Pepy II 183
Peter the Great 170
Petrucciani, Michel 159
phaeomelanin 253, 266
phocomelia 118–20, 119
piebalds 255, 256, 257–61, 259
pigs 121; ‘Ditto’ 77, 78; without eyeballs 80
pituitary gland 175, 197, 198, 209; and dwarfism 175–6, 198, see also Boruwlaski, Joseph; and gigantism 178, 178–9, 207, 265; tumors 179, 207, 264–5; see also ‘growth hormone’
Pius X, Pope 201
Plato: The symposium 242, 348
Pliny the Elder: Historia naturalis 69, 182, 248, 254, 347
Polo, Marco 71
Polydactyly (extra fingers and toes) 111, 121–2, 123, 123, 124–5, 131–3
polymastia see breasts, extra
polymorphisms 16–17, 327–8
Polyphemus (Cyclops) 68–9
preformationism 31–2
‘primitive streak’ 36
Pritchard, Captain B.E.A. 192
progerias 319, 323
prognathism 341, 342
Pröscholdt, Hilda see Mangold, Hilda
Proteus syndrome 204–6, 205
pseudoachondroplasia 149, 152, 153, 154, 158; see also Ovitz, Elizabeth