pseudohermaphrodites 222, 234, 235–6, 238–9, 241, 244; see also Barbin, Herculine
Ptah-Pataikoi 154
PTEN 204
pycnodysostosis 163, 164, 175
pygmies 180, 180–8, 184, 187, 189, 190–2, 327; see also Taron
Quatrefages, Armand de: Crania ethica 333, 342–3; The pygmies 183, 187
rabbits: foetal studies 233–4
race(s): and balding 280; fabulous 69–71, 109–10; and skin colour, see apartheid; see also genetic variety
Ravenna, Monster of 3–6, 4, 8
red-haired people 14, 265–8, 345
retinoic acid 80–2
ribs, extra 91–2, 97
Riebeeck, Jan van 298
‘Ritta-Christina’ see Parodi, Ritta and Christina
Roberts’s syndrome 5, 6
Rodriguez, Clara and Altagracia 60
Röse (German dentist) 342–3
Rossetti, Dante Gabrieclass="underline" La Ghirlandata 345
RU486 (‘morning after pill’) 94
Rudolf II, Emperor of Austria 11, 271
Ruhe, Jacob 122
salamanders 132, 144–6
Salinas, Dominican Republic: guevedoche 236, 237–8, 243–4
Sambia, the 236–7, 238, 244
Saunders, John 113, 117, 122–3
Scarry, Elaine 348
Schweinfurth, George August 181, 186, 188, 190; The heart of Africa 188, 254
sclerostin/sclerosteosis 141, 300
scrotum, the 225, 229, 263; see also testes
Selk’nam, the 347, 348
Senesino (Francesco Bernardi) (castrato) 200, 200
Serres, Étienne 26, 61; Recherches d’anatomie…24, 26, 47, 49, 52, 52–3
Sex-determining Region on Y see SRY
‘sex-reversed females’ 231–2, 233
‘sex-reversed males’ 233
sexual organs see genitals
sheep: ‘Dolly’ (cloned) 322–3; with extra nipples 304
Shwe-Maong 274–5, 276, 284, 285, 286
Siamese twins see twins, conjoined
Siebold, Carl von 284–5
sirenomelia 78–82, 79, 83
situs inversus 55–6, 58
skin 42, 278; colour 8, 253, 260, 261–2, 265, 268, see also albinism, apartheid, piebalds; wrinkled 318–19
skulls 137, 140–1, 144; shapes and measurements 340–5, 342–3, 347
snakes 97–8
SODs see superoxide dismutases
somites 92, 93, 98
‘sonic hedgehog’ gene 74, 75–7, 76, 124–5, 284
SOST mutation 300
South Africa: apartheid 262–4; Cape Malays 137–8, 140; extra-bone mutation 140–1; Huntington disease 298; sclerosteosis 300
Soviet leaders: and balding 281
Spallanzani, Lazzaro 145
Spemann, Hans 37–8, 39–40, 44, 45, 147
spina bifida 51–2, 58
‘split-hand-split-foot’ syndrome 108, 108–9
SRY (Sex-determining Region on Y) 232–3, 234, 328, 329
Stanislaus, King of Poles 172, 174
Stendhal (Marie Henri Beyle) 219, 356
sterility 240
Strauss, Johann, the Younger 111–12
Sun Yaoting 201
sunlight: and skin 318–19
superoxide dismutases (SODs) 315–16
SOD1 mutations 316–18
Swammerdam, Jan 227
sweat glands 286, 287, 288
Sweden: mortality rates 329, 330, 331
synpolydactyly 128
tadpoles: and retinoic acid 81
Taron/Daru 192, 193, 193–4, 195, 198
Taverne, M. (Burgomaster) 257–8
teeth 286–7, 288
telomerase 320–2, 323
telomeres 320–1, 322–3
teratology 8, 26
teratomas 54
testes/testicles 202, 203, 222
testosterone 203, 234, 235, 237–8, 239, 244; and baldness 282–4; effects on hyenas 241, 242
thalidomide 118–21
thanatophoric dysplasia 66, 135, 156–7
Thibaut-Francesco 186–8, 187
thyroid gland 196–7, 198
thyrotropin 197–8
thyroxine 197
Tierra del Fuego: the Selk’nam 347, 348
Times, The 35
Tintoretto, Jacopo: Luigi Cornaro 295, 310
toes see digits
tongues, over-large 157
toothlessness 286, 287
Toulouse-Lautrec, Henri de 161–5, 163, 267
transcription factors (molecular switches) 88–9, 95, 125, 126, 140
transforming growth factor-betas (TGFß) 41
Treffan, Comte de 172
Turlepreton 132–3
twins, conjoined 23, 27–35, 29, 45–6, 46, 48–9, 53–4, 55–6, 60–1; see also Parodi, Ritta and Christina
Twitty, Victor Chandler 144–7, 153
two-toed people 109–10
Tyson, Edward 182–3, 250
ultraviolet light 318–19
United States of America: eugenics programmes 282–3; heights 209, 211–12, 213; presidents 211, 213, 281; skulls 343–4
Unthan, Hermann (‘The Armless Fiddler’) 111–12, 114
vagina, the 223, 224, 224, 225, 229
Verschuer, Otamar, Freiherr von 147, 148
vertebrae, human 91–3, 98
Vesalius, Andreas: De fabrica 223–4, 224, 225
vestibular bulbs 226–7, 227
Victor Emmanuel II, of Italy 187
Vigenère, Blaise de: Les images Philostratus 70
vitamin A 80
Vrolik, Willem: anatomical collection 65, 66–7, 78, 90–1, 156; Tabula…67–8, 72, 73, 119, 119–20, 135, 156
Wadoma, the 110
Werner’s syndrome 319
Wigtown, Scotland 106, 107, 115
Wilding, Alexa 345
Williams, George 302, 303, 306, 307
Wilson, Margaret 106–7, 108
Winckelmann, Johann Joachim 350
Wright, Sewall 122
wrinkles 318–19
X chromosomes 230, 232, 233
Xiphopages 48
Y chromosomes 230–3
Yanomamo tribe 191
Zhang Deyi 268
‘zone of polarising activity’ (ZPA) 123, 124, 126
Zulu albinos 245, 254
List of Illustrations
Frontispiece to Fortunio Liceti 1634 De monstrorum natura caussis et differentiis. (Wellcome Library, London)
The Monster of Ravenna (1512). From Ulisse Aldrovandi 1642 Monstrorum historia. (Wellcome Library, London)
Roberts’s syndrome. Stillborn infant. From B.C. Hirst and G.A. Piersol 1893 Human monstrosities. (Wellcome Library, London)
Conjoined twins: pygopagus. Judith and Hélène (1701–23). From George Leclerc Buffon 1777 Histoire naturelle générale et particulière. (Wellcome Library, London)
Conjoined twins: parapagus dicephalus tetrabrachius. Ritta and Christina Parodi (1829). From Étienne Serres 1832 Recherches d’anatomie transcendante et pathologique. (British Library)
Conjoined twins: parapagus dicephalus dibrachius. Normandy. From Pierre Boaistuau 1560 Histoires prodigieuses. (Wellcome Library, London)
Conjoined twins: parapagus dicephalus dibrachius. From B.C. Hirst and G.A. Piersol 1893 Human monstrosities. (Wellcome Library, London)
Conjoined twins: cephalothoracoileopagus. From Étienne Serres 1832 Recherches d’anatomie transcendante et pathologique. (British Library)