1. Shakespeare, Antony and Cleopatra, III, 13,184–187.
2. Verdon, Night, 127–131; Pierre Jonin, "L'Espace et le Temps de la Nuit dans les Romans de Chrétiens de Troyes," Mélanges de Langue et de Littérature Médiévales Offerts à Alice Planche 48 (1984), 242–246; Gary Cross, A Social History of Leisure Since 1600 (State College, Pa., 1990), 17–18.
3. Edward Ward, The London Spy (1709; rpt. edn., New York, 1985), 43; Koslofsky, "Court Culture," 745–748; Thomas D'Urfey, The Two Queens of Brentford (London, 1721); Another Collection of Philosophical Conferences of the French Virtuosi…, trans. G. Havers and J. Davies (London, 1665), 419; Schindler, Rebellion, 194–195.
4. Diary of Robert Moody, 1660–1663, Rawlinson Coll. D. 84, Bodl.; Marie-Claude Canova-Green, Benserade Ballets pour Louis XIV (Paris, 1997), 93—160.
5. Ben Sedgley, Observations on Mr. Fielding's Enquiry into the Causes of the Late Increase of Robbers… (London, 1751), 8; "A Short Account, by Way of Journal, of What I Observed Most Remarkable in My Travels…," June 2,1697, Historical Manuscripts Commission, 8th Report, Part 1 (1881), 99—100; Marcelin Defoumeaux, Daily Life in Spain: The Golden Age, trans. Newton Branch (New York, 1971), 70–71; Koslofsky, "Court Culture," 745–748; Thomas Burke, English Night-Life: From Norman Curfew to Present Black-Out (New York, 1971), 11–22.
6. Tobias George Smollett, Humphry Clinker, ed. James L. Thorson (New York, 1983), 1, 87; P. Brydone, A Tour through Sicily and Malta… (London, 1773), II, 87–90; Remarks 1717, 56; Sedgley, Observations, 8; The Memoirs of Charles-Lewis, Baron de Pollnitz… (London, 1739), 1,222; Burke, Night-Life, 23–70, passim.
7. US and WJ, Feb. 28,1730; Vanessa Harding, The Dead and the Living in Paris and London, 1500–1670 (Cambridge, 2002), 197, passim; Craig M. Koslofsky, The Reformation of the Dead: Death and Ritual in Early Modern Germany, 1450–1700 (New York, 2000), 138,133–152, passim; Clare Gittings, Death, Burial and the Individual in Early Modern England (London, 1984), 188–200.
8. Richards, The Tragedy of Messaliina (London, 1640).
9. Walter R. Davis, ed., The Works of Thomas Campion… (New York, 1967), 147; Terry Castle, "The Culture of Travesty: Sexuality and Masquerade in Eighteenth-Century England," in G. S. Rousseau and Roy Porter, eds., Sexual Underworlds of the Englightenment (Manchester, 1987), 158; Terry Castle, Masquerade and Civilization: The Carnivalesque in Eighteenth-Century English Culture and Fiction (Stanford, Calif., 1986).
10. The Rich Cabinet… (London, 1616), fo. 20; Sara Mendelson, "The Civility of Women in Seventeenth-Century England," in Peter Burke et al., eds., Civil Histories: Essays Presented to Sir Keith Thomas (Oxford, 2000), 114; Stephen J. Greenblatt, Renaissance Self-Fashioning: From More to Shakespeare (Chicago, 1980).
11. Castle, Masquerade, 25,1—109, passim; Castle, "Culture of Travesty," 166–167; HMM and GA, Jan. 28,1755.
12. Castle, Masquerade, 73,1—109, passim; "W.Z.," GM 41 (1771), 404; WJ, May 16,1724; Occasional Poems, Very Seasonable and Proper for the Present Times… (London, 1726), 5; Amanda Vickery, The Gentleman's Daughter: Women's Lives in Georgian England (New Haven, 1998), 243.
13. Castle, Masquerade, 73, 1—109, passim; Nancy Lyman Roelker, ed. and trans., The Paris of Henry of Navarre, as Seen by Pierre de l'Estoile: Selections from His Mémoires-Journaux (Cambridge, Mass., 1958), 58; Bulstrode Whitelock, The Third Charge… (London, 1723), 21.
14. Henry Alexander, trans., Four Plays by Holberg (Princeton, N. ]., 1946), 171.
15. Goffe, The Raging Turk (London, 1631).
16. Alexander Hamilton, Gentleman's Progress: The Itinerarium of Dr. Alexander Hamilton, 1744, ed. Carl Bridenbaugh (Chapel Hill, N. C, 1948), 177; PG, Dec. 23,1762.
17. Douglas Grant, ed., The Poetical Works of Charles Churchill (Oxford, 1956), 52,55; John S. Farmer, ed., Merry Songs and Ballads prior to the YearA.D. 1800 (New York, 1964), III, 67; Anna Bryson, From Courtesy to Civility: Changing Codes of Conduct in Early Modern England (Oxford, 1998), 245, 246–275, passim.
18. May 31, 1706, Cowper, Diary; The Works of Mr. Thomas Brown in Prose and Verse… (London, 1708), III, 3; S. Johnson, London: A Poem… (London, 1739), 17; US and WJ, Apr. 11,1730; Bryson, Courtesy to Civility, 248–249; Vickery, Daughter, 213–214; G. J. Barker-Benfield, The Culture of Sensibility: Sex and Society in Eighteenth-Century Britain (Chicago, 1992), 50–51.
19. Elborg Forster, ed. and trans., A Woman's Life in the Court of the Sun King: Letters of Liselotte von der Pfalz, 1652–1722 (Baltimore, 1984), 219; M. Dreux du Radier, Essai Historique, Critique, Philologuique, Politique, Moral, Littéraire et Galant, sur les Lanternes… (Paris, 1755), 92–96; Jeffry Kaplow, The Names of Kings: The Parisian Laboring Poor in the Eighteenth Century (New York, 1972), 106.
20. Oct. 10, 1764, Frederick A. Pottle, ed., Boswell on the Grand Tour: Germany and Switzerland, 1764 (New York, 1953), 135; June 4, 1763, Frederick A. Pottle, ed., Boswell's London journal, 1762–1763 (New York, 1950), 272–273, 264 n. 1, passim; Craig Harline and Eddy Put, A Bishop's Tale: Matthias Hovius Among His Flock in Seventeenth-Century Flanders (New Haven, 2000), 253–254; John Owen, Travels into Different Parts of Europe, in the Years 1791 and 1792… (London, 1796), II, 85.
21. Sara Mendelson and Patricia Crawford, Women in Early Modern England, 1550–1720 (Oxford, 1998), 109; Jerome Nadelhaft, "The Englishwoman's Sexual Civil War: Feminist Attitudes towards Men, Women, and Marriage, 1650–1740," Journal of the History of Ideas 43 (1982), 573, 576; Linda Pollock, "Teach Her to Live under Obedience': The Making of Women in the Upper Ranks of Early Modem England", Continuity and Change 4 (1989), 231–258.
22. Westward for Smelts. Or, the Water-man's Fare of Mad-Merry Western Wenches… (London, 1620), 24; Giovannia Boccaccio, The Corbaccio, ed. and trans. Anthony K. Cassell (Urbana, 111., 1975), 28; George Chapman, An Humerous Dayes Myrth (London, 1599), 9; Feb. 14,1668, Pepys, Diary, IX, 71; April 1683, Wood, Life, 42; Jeffrey Merrick and Bryant T. Ragan, Jr., eds., Homosexuality in Early Modern France: A Documentary Collection (New York, 2001), 38; Piero Camporesi, Exotic Brew: The Art of Living in the Age of Enlightenment (Maiden, Mass., 1994), 12.
23. Thomas D'Urfey, Squire Oldsapp: or, the Night-Adventures (London, 1679), 29; Dec. 27,1775, Charles Ryskamp and Frederick A Pottle, eds., Boswelclass="underline" The Ominous Years, 1774–1776 (New York, 1963), 206, passim; Cecil Aspinall-Oglander, Admiral's Widow: Being the Life and Letters of the Hon. Mrs. Edward Boscawenfrom 1761 to 1805 (London, 1942), 88–89; July 13,1716, William Matthews, ed., The Diary of Dudley Ryder, 1715–1716 (London, 1939), 274, passim; June 5,1763, Pottle, ed., Boswell's London Journal, 273.
24. "A City Night-piece in Winter," Walker’s Hibernian Magazine 9 (1779), 272; OBP, Apr. 28,1731,16–17; "The Watchman's Description of Covent Garden at Two o'clock in the Morning," Weekly Amusement (London), May 5,1764.
25. "X.Y.," LM, Jan. 26,1773; Graham Greene, Lord Rochester’s Monkey, Being the Life of John Wilmot, Second Earl of Rochester (London, 1974), 106; Oct. 23, 26, 1668, Feb. 3, 1664, Pepys, Diary, DC, 335–336, 338–339, V, 37; "The Connoisseur," HMM and GA, Mar. 18, 1755; Bryson, Courtesy to Civility, 250, 254–255; Jeunes Grantham Turner, Libertines and Radicals in Early Modern London: Sexuality, Politics, and Literary Culture, 1630–1685 (Cambridge, 2002), 226–227.
26. Harold Love, ed., The Works of John Wilmot, Earl of Rochester (Oxford, 1999), 45; Guy Chapman, ed., The Travel-Diaries of William Beckford of Fonthill (Cambridge, 1928), II, 55; Robert Shoemaker, "Male Honour and the Decline of Public Violence in Eighteenth-Century London," SH 26 (2001), 200; Bryson, Courtesy to Civility, 249; Barker-Benfield, Sensibility, 47; May 3, 1709, Cowper, Diary; Julius R. Ruff, Crime, Justice and Public Order in Old Regime France: The Sénéchaussées of Liboume and Bazas, 1696–1789 (London, 1984), 91.
27. Thornton Shirley Graves, "Some Pre-Mohock Clansmen," Studies in Philology 20 (1923), 395–421; Grose, Dictionary; Moryson, Unpublished Itinerary, 463; Helen Langdon, Caravaggio: A Life (New York, 1999), 133,312–314.
28. Graves, "Pre-Mohock Clansmen," 399,395–421, passim; Bryson, Courtesy to Civility, 249; May 30, 1668, Pepys, Diary, IX, 218–219; The Town-Rakes: or, the Frolicks of the Mohocks or Hawkubites (London, 1712); Swift, Journal, II, 524–525, 508–515, passim; Mar. 20,1712, Cowper, Diary; Daniel Statt, "The Case of the Mohocks: Rake Violence in Augustan London," SH 20 (1995), 179–199.
29. Shakespeare, 1 Henry IV, I, 2,137–139,159; Verdon, Night, 46; US and WJ, Apr. 11, 1730; A Pleasant and Delightful Story of King Henry the VIII, and a Cobler (n.p., [1670?]); Theophilius Cibber, The Lives of the Poets of Great Britain and Ireland (1753; rpt. edn., Hildesheim, Ger., 1968), II, 289; Roelker, ed. and trans., Paris of Henry of Navarre, 52, 47, 77; Edouard Fournier, Les Lanternes: Histoire de l'Ancien Éclairage de Paris (Paris, 1854), 15; Matthiessen, Natten, 134, 132; Benjamin Silliman, A Journal of Travels in England, Holland, and Scotland… (New Haven, 1820), 1,179; Frederic J. Baumgartner, France in the Sixteenth Century (New York, 1995), 222.
1. Shakespeare, King John, 1,1,172.
2. Thomas Dekker, The Seven Deadly Sinnes of London, ed. H. F. B. Brett-Smith (1606; rpt. edn., New York, 1922), 31; Eric Robinson et al., eds., The Early Poems of John Clare, 1804–1822 (Oxford, 1989), II, 197; Douglas Grant, ed., The Poetical Works of Charles Churchill (Oxford, 1956), 58; E. P. Thompson, "Eighteenth-Century English Society: Class Struggle without Class?" SH 3 (1978), 158; Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi and Eugene Rochberg-Halton, The Meaning of Things: Domestic Symbols and the Self (Cambridge, 1981), 16–52, passim.
3. May 23,1693, May 25,1686, Wood, Life, V, 423,187; E. S. De Beer, ed., Diary of Mary, Countess Cowper (London, 1864), 1,19; Legg, Low-Life, 93.
4. Franco Mormando, The Preacher's Demons: Bernardino of Sienna and the Social Underworld of Early Renaissance Italy (Chicago, 1999), 85; Nov. 27, 28,1625, [Andrés De La Vega], Memorias de Sevilla, 1600–1678, ed. Francisco Morales Padrón (Cordoba, 1981), 50; Thomas V. Cohen, "The Case of the Mysterious Coil of Rope: Street Life and Jewish Persona in Rome in the Middle of the Sixteenth Century," Sixteenth Century Journal 19 (1988), 209–221; Elliot Horowitz, "The Eve of the Circumcision: A Chapter in the History of Jewish Nightlife," JSH 23 (1989), 48; Anna Foa, The Jews of Europe after the Black Death, trans. Andrea Grover (Berkeley, Calif., 2000), 143.