Chapter Three: 1905–The First People’s Revolution
1 Cliff, Ibid, p.119
2 V.I. Lenin, One Step Forward, Two Steps Back, Progress Publishers, 1948, p.28
3 Cliff, Ibid, p.129
4 Cliff, Ibid, p.130
5 Pavel Axelrod, Letter to RSDLP organizations, November 1904, reprinted in Ascher, Ibid, p.53-56
6 George Gapon, The Story of My Life, New York, 1906, p.144
7 Englert, Ibid
8 Figes, Ibid, p.182
9 Viktor Chernov, Revoluyutsionnaya Rossiya No 67, May 1905, p.3
10 Perrie, Ibid, p.108
11 Baruch Knei-Paz, The Social and Political Thought of Leon Trotsky, Oxford University Press, 1978, p.53. Knei-Paz’s work is in my opinion the most considerable and interesting examination of Trotsky as a writer and thinker. Ernest Mandel dismissed Knei-Paz’s scrupulously fair and comprehensive work because of his “failure to understand Trotsky’s more daring dialectical combinations” (Mandel, Trotsky: A Study in the Dynamic of His Thought, NLB, 1979, p.150), a common problem with daring dialectical combinations.
12 Liebman, Ibid, p.87
13 Cliff, Ibid, p.161
14 Liebman, Ibid, p.88
15 Liebman, Ibid, p.85
16 Cliff, Ibid, p.230
17 Carr, Ibid, p.59
18 Lenin, Collected Works, Vol. 8, p.325, cited in Shub, Ibid, p.102
19 In a priceless comment, Tony Cliff concludes the 1905 Revolution failed “in spite of Lenin’s correct tactics and strategy” because “the proletariat was insufficiently developed”. But if this were so should not Lenin have taken it into account when formulating his tactics and strategy? Cliff, Ibid, p.234
20 Hugh Seton-Watson, The Russian Empire 1801-1917, Oxford University Press, 1967, p.61
21 Cliff, Ibid, p.275
22 Cliff, Ibid, p.277
23 A.S. Izgoyev, Russkaya mysl’, December 1907
24 Barbara Tuchman, The Proud Tower: A Portrait of the World Before the War 1890-1914, Papermac, 1966, p.410
25 Paul Foot, The Vote: How it was Won and How it was Undermined, Penguin, 2005, p.404
26 Karl Kautsky, “Nochmals unsere Illusionen”, Die Neue Zeit No 23, 1914, p.268
27 The Erfurt Programme, Berlin, 1965, p.112, quoted in Salvadori, Ibid, p.34
28 Friedrich Engels, Introduction, Class Struggles in France 1848-1850 (Marx), International Publishers, 1964, p.20, p.27.
29 Eduard Bernstein, Die Neue Zeit, January 1898
30 For a detailed account of how the Bolshevik faction within the RSDLP financed itself, and the sometimes dubious individuals and schemes it used to keep up the secret funding stream to the Bolshevik “Centre”, see David Shub, Lenin: A Biography, p.125-37.
31 Shub, Ibid, p.112
32 Figes, Ibid, p.218
33 Getzler, Ibid, 115
Chapter Four: Stop the War
1 Liebman, Ibid, p.56
2 Russell Brand, Revolution, Century, 2014, p.301
3 H.G. Wells, History of the World, Pelican, 1960, p.157
4 www.truthdig.com/avbooth/item/russell_brand_socialism_is_christianity_politicized_20140120
5 The Authorised King James Version of the Bible, New Testament, Book of James, Chapter 5, Verse 1-6.
6 Read, Ibid.
7 Camilla Gray, The Russian Experiment in Art 1863-1922, Thames and Hudson, 1962, p.31
8 Sheila Fitzpatrick, The Commissariat of Enlightenment: Soviet Organisation of Education and the Arts under Lunacharsky October 1917-1921, Cambridge University Press, 1970, p.5
9 Lenin, Materialism and Empirio-Criticism, Moscow, 1909, p.257.
10 Robert Conquest, Lenin, Fontana Modern Masters, 1972, p.66
11 Murphy, Ibid, p.26
12 Shub, Ibid, p.149
13 Isaac Deutscher, The Prophet Armed, Trotsky: 1879-1921, Oxford, 1954, p.212
14 Tuchman, Ibid, p.449
15 Hobsbawm, Ibid, p.324
16 Donald Sassoon, One Hundred Years of Socialism: The West European Left in the Twentieth Century, I.B. Taurus, 1996, p.30
17 Hobsbawm, Ibid, p.326
18 J. Martov, Golos No 19, 3rd October 1914
19 Rosa Luxemburg, “The Junius Pamphlet”, The Rosa Luxemburg Reader, Monthly Review Press, 2004, p.312-13
20 Lenin, letter to A. Shliapnikov, Quoted in Shub, Ibid, p.162
21 Deutscher, Ibid, p.226
22 Quoted in Shub, Ibid, p.168
23 V.I. Lenin, Collected Works, Fourth Edition, Vol. 23, p.96
24 V.I. Lenin, Ibid, Vol. 19, p.357
Chapter Five: February 1917–The Second People’s Revolution
1 Although written in 1935 and therefore not reflecting later research, George Dangerfield’s The Strange Death of Liberal England is still the best account of those years. For literary flair and impressionistic flavour it is unmatched by more academic work on the period.
2 Murphy, Ibid, p.25-26
3 Figes, Ibid, p.252
4 Ascher, The Russian Revolution, Ibid, p.57
5 Edward Acton, Rethinking the Russian Revolution, Oxford University, 1990, p.102
6 Cited in Shub, Ibid, p.182
7 Shub, Ibid, p.184
8 Ascher, Ibid, p.67
9 Barbara Evans Clements, “Working Class and Peasant Women in the Russian Revolution, 19171923”, Signs Vol. 8, Winter, 1982, p.225
10 Leon Trotsky, History of the Russian Revolution, Haymarket Books, 2008 (originally published 1932), p.75
11 A.I Rodionova, “Semnadtsatyi god”, Zhenshchiny goroda Lenina, Lenizdat, 1963, p.89
12 Trotsky, Ibid, p.91
13 Orlando Figes, Revolutionary Russia, 1891-1991, Kindle edition.
14 Trotsky, Ibid, p.111
15 Castells, Ibid, p.27
16 Stephen M. Walt, “Why the Tunisian Revolution won’t spread”, ForeignPolicy.com, 16th January, 2011
17 Paul Mason, Why It’s Still Kicking Off Everywhere: The New Global Revolutions, Verso, 2013, p.14
18 Castells, Ibid, p.77
19 Ronald Grigor Suny, “Social Democrats in Power: Menshevik Georgia and the Russian Civil War”, in Party, State and Society in the Russian Civil War: Explorations in Social History, edited by Diane P. Koenker, William G. Rosenberg and Ronald Grigor Suny, Indiana University Press, 1989, p.327
20 Interviewed by Mark Bray and quoted in Bray, Translating Anarchy: The Anarchism of Occupy Wall Street, Zero Books, 2013, p.87
21 Bray, Ibid, p.3, p.5, p.28, p.29
22 The Bolshevik government was not so generous. In April 1918 it removed Nicholas and his family (and a few retainers) to Ekaterinburg. After the February Revolution he had applied for asylum in England. The British government was initially minded to accept but Nicholas’ cousin George V vetoed the idea as it could prove embarrassing for the Windsor (formerly Saxe-Goburg Gotha) dynasty. On 17th July, 1918, as the Russian Civil War was escalating, Nicholas and his family (wife, mother, son and daughters) were all shot to death by a hastily assembled firing squad in the basement of the house in which they had been detained.