BIBLIOGRAPHY
Wolfe Frank manuscript and records
Cooper, R.W., The Nuremberg Trial (London 1947)
Gaiba, Francesca, The Origins of Simultaneous Interpretation (University of Ottawa Press, 1998)
Gomberg, Maxine (née Cooper and formerly Frank) various biographical notes
Goyert family records
Jackson, Sophie, Churchill’s Unexpected Guests (2010)
King, Henry T. Jr, The Nuremberg Context from the Eyes of the Participant (Military Law Review 1995)
Kipling, Rudyard, If
Lancashire At War.co.uk
Maxwell Fyfe, Sir David, Personal correspondence to Wolfe Frank
New York Herald Tribune (various editions 1945–6)
New Yorker, The (7 September 1946)
Oregonian, The (1970)
Francis, Patricia (née Leonard) various biographical notes
Persico, Joseph, Nuremberg: Infamy on Trial, (Viking-Penguin New York 1994)
Speer, Albert, Inside the Third Reich: Memoirs of Albert Speer. Translated by Richard and Clara Winston, (Macmillan 1970)
Steer, Alfred G., Interesting Times: Memoir of Service in U.S. Navy, 1941–47
Taylor, Telford, Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials, The (Alfred A. Knopf New York 1992) and Final report to the Secretary of the Army on the Nuremberg War Crimes Trials
Time Magazine – Germany; The Defendants (29 October 1945)
Tusa, Ann and John, The Nuremberg Trial (London, Macmillan, 1983) and The Nuremberg Trial (Skyhorse Publishing 2010)
U.S. Library of Congress, War Crimes Before The Nuremberg Military Tribunals – Volume IV (1949) and Military Law Review, Volume 149 (summer 1995)
Washington, DC: Government Printing Office
Watson, Patrick, Watson’s Really Big WWII Almanac – Volume 2 (Xlibris 2007)
Wikipedia and the further links and sources it includes
YouTube
The New York Herald Tribune flyer announcing the ‘Hangover After Hitler’ series of articles (see page 175)
WOLFE FRANK 1913–1988 At the Nuremberg Trials in 1945/6
Wolfe Frank (right) and Judge Michael Musmanno (centre) interrogating SS-Obergruppenfuehrer (General) Karl Wolff – most probably during the Einsatgruppen Trial. The hand written inscription on the photograph reads: ‘To Wolfe Frank – Ace Interpreter at Nuremberg International War Crimes Trials – and so far as I am concerned the whole world round. Most sincerely, M A Musmanno’.
Obergruppenfuehrer Karl Wolff was formerly Chief of Personal Staff Reichsfuehrer (Commander) and SS Liaison Officer to Hitler until sometime in 1943. At the end of World War II, he was the Supreme Commander of all SS forces in Italy and negotiated the surrender of all German forces in Italy, ending the war on that front in late April 1945. At Nuremberg, Wolff was allowed to escape prosecution by providing evidence against his fellow Nazis, and was then transferred (in January 1947) to the British prison facility in Minden. In this photograph it appears that Wolff’s SS officer collar insignia has been removed from the lapels of his uniform jacket. Interestingly however the shoulder insignia is still attached.
The Albert Frank, later Frankonia, factory at Beierfeld in c.1898.
Wolfe Frank’s parents and grandparents
Wolfe Frank c.1915
A bust of Olly (inset on Plate 6) is one of two carved into the fabric of the villa – the other bust is of her sister Maria who perished in Piaski concentration camp. Their mother Alice, Ferdinand’s first wife, was taken to Thieresenstadt concentration camp where she died of ‘A brain bleed and enteritis’. Olly however, in spite of being arrested, was never imprisoned. She survived the war and went on to live a long and happy life with her husband Richard Goyert, a well known mechanical engineer, and son Henry. She died in 1983 and although she lived in Germany all her life she travelled extensively as a most respected ambassador for UNICEF.
Wolfe Frank in c.1915 with his half sister Olly who was about eighteen years old at the time. This photograph was most probably taken in the garden of Villa Frank (shown left – Plate 6) the family home that is thought to have been designed by the famous German architect Erich Mendelsohn. In honour of the family the road on which the villa is situated is now called Frankstrasse.
Typical trade advertisement showing part of the Albert Frank range of lamps – which have now become sought-after antique items.
The press announcement of the company’s floatation onto the Berlin Stock Exchange in 1914. A later report indicated the company went into receivership in 1928. However in conversation (with his friend Mike Dilliway) Wolfe Frank indicated his father, in 1933, was concerned that whatever business he was then in was about to fall into the hands of the Nazis and that this was a contributing factor in his decision to take his own life.
Hermann Goering (above) spent twelve hours in the witness box at the International Military Tribunal. Wolfe Frank (below, centre) spent nine of those hours interpreting what was being said. The US officer to the right in this photograph is Captain Harry Sperber who was monitoring this session. Prior to the war Sperber, a German sport’s broadcaster, had, as the New York Times recorded, ‘the distinction of having attracted Goebbels’ personal protests against his anti-Nazi broadcasts from America.’ (See Chapter 29 for further details of Sperber’s personal response to Goebbels, that attracted world-wide publicity and turned him into a hero).
Wolfe Frank and other interpreters following proceedings whilst awaiting their turn in the interpreting booths (probably in room 606).
Defendants von Papen, Schacht and Fritzsche hold a press conference in the courtroom immediately after Wolfe Frank has announced their acquittal.
Drowning in paper and hardly able to cope with the volume. Handwritten translations had to be proofread, typed, changed and then translated into all four languages.
The rather spartan backroom conditions that the translators and interpreters were working in at Nuremberg – all situated within an armed compound.