227 Two days later Fort Sumter surrendered: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 435.
227 Francis P. Blair had already: John Nicolay and John Hay, Abraham Lincoln: A History (New York: Century, 1980), Vol. 4, 498.
228 Early in the morning: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 436.
228 “to enforce Federal law.” Ibid.
228 “I declined the offer”: Robert E. Lee to Reverdy Johnson, February 25, 1868, Robert E. Lee Jr., Recollections and Letters of Robert E. Lee (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page, 1924), 27–28.
229 “There are times”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, A Biography, Vol. 1, 28n.
229 “I must say that I am”: John S. Mosby, Memoirs of John S. Mosby, Charles S. Russell, ed. (Boston: Little, Brown, 1917), 379.
229 “I am unable to realize”: Frances Scott and Anne C. Webb, Who Is Markie? The Life of Martha Custis Williams Carter, Cousin and Confidante of Robert E. Lee (Berwyn Heights, Md.: Heritage, 2007), 132.
230 “I have the honor”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 440.
230 “Save in defense”: Ibid., 442.
230 When he was done: Ibid.
230 “I know you will blame me”: Lee, Recollections and Letters of Robert E. Lee, 25–26.
231 “There is no man”: Michael Fellman, The Making of Robert E. Lee (New York: Random House, 2000), 90.
232 Never one to waste a minute: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 448.
232 “bald-headed, florid, and bottle-nosed”: Ibid., 463.
232 His letter to Lee: Ordinances Adopted by the Convention of Virginia in Secret Session in April and May, 1861, 9.
233 “Its foundations are laid”: Benjamin Quarles, The Negro in the Civil War (New York: Da Capo, 1953), 43.
234 “his official rank or personal position”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 70.
235 Lee was given a small office: Thomas, Robert E. Lee, 191.
235 four members: Ibid., 464.
236 “I hope we have heard”: Mosby, Memoirs of John S. Mosby, 379.
236 Finally, the doors were opened: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 465.
237 The Federal arsenaclass="underline" Ibid., 473.
237 the Norfolk Navy Yard: Ibid., 474.
238 “40,000 troops”: Thomas, Robert E. Lee, 194.
239 Although both he and Custis: Coulling, The Lee Girls, 85.
239 “You have to move”: Ibid., 86.
239 In the morning he rode over: Ibid.
239 The silver of the Lee and Custis families: Thomas, Robert E. Lee, 61; Edmund Jennings Lee, Lee of Virginia, 1642–1892 (Philadelphia, 1895), 409–10; Coulling, The Lee Girls, 87.
240 The dashing Lieutenant: Scott and Webb, Who Is Markie? 133.
240 There is no question: Coulling, The Lee Girls, 87.
240 even at Ravensworth: Lee, Recollections and Letters of Robert E. Lee, 30.
241 Her oldest son, Custis: Coulling, The Lee Girls, 89.
241 She went on at some length: Ibid., 88–89.
241 Sanford was sensible: Thomas, Robert E. Lee, 195.
242 All homes would henceforth seem: Lee, Recollections and Letters of Robert E. Lee, 32.
242 Deep and sincere: Coulling, The Lee Girls, 89.
242 “last ten years”: Robert E. Lee to Mary Lee, April 30, 1861, Fitzhugh Lee, General Lee (New York: University Society, 1894), 93.
242 A flurry of complaints: Thomas, Robert E. Lee, 196; Boston Daily Advertiser, May 4, 1861; New York Times, May 4, 1861.
243 Even Mary Chesnut: Woodward, Mary Chesnut’s Civil War, 70–71.
243 “FOR SALVATION OF OUR CAUSE”: Thomas, Robert E. Lee, 197.
244 Not everyone who saw him: Woodward, Mary Chesnut’s Civil War, 116.
245 At first Lee refused: Thomas, Robert E. Lee, 197, quoting the Richmond Whig of June 7, 1861.
246 “I was at once attracted”: Walter Herron Taylor, General Lee: His Campaigns in Virginia, 1861–1865 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1994), 21–22.
246 Lee, Taylor commented: Ibid., 25.
247 Taylor’s admiration for Lee: Ibid., 6.
247 Governor Letcher and the convention: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 492.
249 “COLONEL: Under authority”: The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Series I, Vol. LI, Part 2 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1897), 92.
250 sound military advice: The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Series I, Vol. II (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1880), 793–94.
252 Keeping a firm rein: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 518.
252 The defense of Richmond: Ibid., 519.
252 From Richmond, Garnett’s job: Le Comte de Paris, History of the Civil War in America (Philadelphia: Porter and Coates, 1886), Vol. 1, 221.
253 In less than a month: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 522.
254 “I should like to retire”: Robert E. Lee to Mary Lee, June 8, 1861, quoted in Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 527.
255 Although Davis held Lee in “esteem”: Ibid., 516.
256 There has been conjecture: Ibid., 527.
257 “in a miserable condition”: The War of the Rebellion, Series I, Vol. II, 236.
257 Garnett had fewer than 5,000 men: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 532–33.
257 He carried out a textbook attack: Ibid., 533.
258 McClellan’s victory: Ibid., 535.
258 The New York Herald: Carl Sandburg, Storm over the Land: A Profile of the Civil War Taken Mainly from Abraham Lincoln: The War Years (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1942), 62.
259 “My movements are very uncertain”: Robert E. Lee to Mary Lee, Lee, Recollections and Letters of Robert E. Lee, 36.
259 Eighteen days later: Ibid.
260 From Kinloch: Coulling, The Lee Girls, 89.
260 Lee sent a young man: Lee, Recollections and Letters of Robert E. Lee, 36.
260 Her daughter Mildred: Coulling, The Lee Girls, 90.
260 Mary’s maid Selina: Scott and Webb, Who Is Markie? 134–35.
261 And true to form: Colonel Vincent J. Esposito, The West Point Atlas of the American Wars, 1689–1900 (New York: Praeger, 1959), Vol. 1, see text accompanying map 19.
263 “You are green”: Edwin C. Bearrs, Fields of Honor (Washington, D.C.: National Geographic, 2006), 35.
263 McDowell himself had never: Wikipedia, “Irvin McDowell,” 1.
263 Even the date of McDowell’s advance: Bearrs, Fields of Honor, 35.
264 Apart from that: Ibid.
264 McDowell’s first mistake: Confederate Military History: A Library of Confederate States History, Clement Anselm Evans, ed. (Atlanta, Ga.: Confederate Publishing, 1899), Vol. 3, 107.
265 Flowing from west: Barbara Tuchman, The Guns of August (New York: Library of America, 2012), 29.
266 Bee, impressed by Jackson’s: Sarah Nicholas Randolph, The Life of Stonewall Jackson (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1876), 86.
267 “We have whipped them”: Hunter McGuire, M.D., “An Address at the Dedication of Jackson Memorial Hall, Virginia Military Institute, July 9, 1897” (R. E. Lee Camp, No. 1, 1897), 6.
267 “no preparations whatever”: David Detzer, Donnybrook: The Battle of Bull Run (Orlando, Fla.: Harcourt, 2004), 486.
267 Even Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton: Frank Abial Flower, Edwin McMasters Stanton: The Autocrat of Rebellion (Akron, Ohio: Saalfield, 1905), 109.
268 “pouring through this place”: John G. Nicolay and John Hay, “Abraham Lincoln: A History,” Century Illustrated Magazine (New York: Century, 1888), Vol. 36, 288.
269 All that was missing: George Francis Robert Henderson, Stonewall Jackson and the American Civil War (New York: Longmans, Green, 1900), Vol. 1, 154.
269 Mary Lee and her girls: Coulling, The Lee Girls, 91.
269 The next day, in the pouring rain: Ibid.
270 “The empty saddle”: Woodward, Mary Chesnut’s Civil War, 106–7.
270 He also broke the news: Lee, Recollections and Letters of Robert E. Lee, 37.
270 The military situation: R. Lockwood Tower, ed., Lee’s Adjutant: The Wartime Letters of Colonel Walter Herron Taylor, 1862–1865 (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1995), 7.
271 Lee’s own position: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 541.
272 He would write to Mary: Robert E. Lee to Mary Lee, August 4, 1861, Lee, Recollections and Letters of Robert E. Lee, 38–39.