387 “Don’t get scared”: General D. H. Hill, “McClellan’s Change of Base,” Century Magazine, Vol. 30, 1885, 450.
387 When Brigadier General Jubal A. Early: John Goode, Recollections of a Lifetime (New York: Neale, 1906), 58.
389 On the right, pioneers: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 206.
390 “Batteries have been established”: Thomas, Robert E. Lee, 242.
391 “When the hunt was up”: Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox, xxii.
392 Lee feared that: Ibid., 116.
392 “It was not war”: William C. Davis, The Battlefields of the Civil War (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1996), 69.
392 “grandly heroic”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 218.
392 A Union soldier wrote home: Sears, George B. McClellan, 222.
392 Malvern Hill was remembered: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 218.
393 “The result of the battle”: Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox, 116.
393 “The strategy displayed”: Taylor, Destruction and Reconstruction, 92–93.
394 That night, when Lee rode: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 218.
394 “In obedience to your orders”: Ibid.
394 In just one week: Ibid., 230.
394 The New York Times noted: New York Times, June 3, 1862.
CHAPTER 8 Triumph and Tragedy—Second Manassas and Sharpsburg
398 A further Federal “column”: Douglas Southall Freeman, Robert E. Lee: A Biography (New York: Scribner, 1934), Vol. 2, 258.
399 “from the West, where we have always seen”: David Herbert Donald, Lincoln (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995), 361.
400 Lincoln, who had appointed him: Ibid., 369.
400 Perhaps under the circumstances: Colonel Vincent J. Esposito, The West Point Atlas of American Wars, 1689–1900 (New York: Praeger, 1959), text accompanying map 55.
401 To his east McClellan’s army: Walter H. Taylor, Four Years with General Lee (New York: Appleton, 1878), 63.
401 Lee was thus caught: Ibid., 59.
402 He gave himself ten days: Esposito, The West Point Atlas of American Wars, text accompanying map 56.
402 Hill “was high spirited”: James Robertson, Stonewall Jackson: The Man, the Soldier, the Legend (New York: Macmillan, 1997), 518.
403 “A. P. Hill you will find”: War of the Rebellion: Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies (Wilmington, N.C.: National Historical Society, Broadfoot, 1971), 919.
403 “None of his Division commanders”: Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, 519.
404 “We cannot afford to be idle”: Jeffrey D. Wert, Cavalryman of the Lost Cause: A Biography of J. E. B. Stuart (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2008), 139.
405 At the same time Lee simplified: Taylor, Four Years with General Lee, 91.
406 “It required great confidence”: Ibid., 86.
406 “if practicable to Gordonsville”: Papers of the Military Historical Society of Massachusetts (Boston: Military Historical Society of Massachusetts, 1990), 402.
406 Typically, Lee urged Stuart: War of the Rebellion, Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series I, Vol. XII, Part III (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1885), 916.
407 “headquarters in the grove”: Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, 519.
408 urged him to “turn the enemy’s position”: Gamaliel Bradford, Lee the American (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1929), 95.
408 He had already been warned: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 269.
409 Bit by bit, he began the process: Ibid., 271.
409 This time Jackson once again had: Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, 525.
410 “nightfall found the Confederate army”: Ibid.
411 On August 9 Jackson had his army: Ibid., 526.
411 At this moment Jackson: Ibid., 527.
411 By early afternoon the artillery dueclass="underline" Ibid., 531, 528.
412 Jackson knew that there was a moment: Robert Lewis Dabney, Life and Campaigns of Lieut. General Thomas J. Jackson (New York: Blelock, 1866), 500.
412 Undeterred, Jackson unfastened: Ibid., 501.
412 These may not have been: Ibid.
412 “his blood was up”: Ibid., 502.
413 “as if the troops were preparing”: Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, 538.
414 He and his staff: Emory Thomas, Robert E. Lee (New York: Norton, 1995), 250.
414 In her book about the Lee daughters: Mary P. Coulling, The Lee Girls (Winston-Salem, N.C.: Blair, 1987), 105.
415 “He was the same loving father”: Robert E. Lee, Recollections and Letters of Robert E. Lee (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page, 1924), 74.
415 Mrs. Lee cannot have been cheered: Coulling, The Lee Girls, 112, 105.
415 War had scarcely touched Hickory Hilclass="underline" Ibid., 206.
416 Lee himself was in favor: Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, 540–1.
416 groaning “most audibly”: Ibid., 541.
416 “it is all-important that our movement”: War of the Rebellion, Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series I, Vol. XI, Part III (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1884), 676.
416 On the peninsula the terrain: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 279.
417 Pope had incautiously allowed: Ibid., 280.
418 Stuart had ordered: Ibid., 284; Wert, Cavalryman of the Lost Cause, 123–24.
419 Longstreet censured him: James Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox: Memoirs of the Civil War in America (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1960), 159.
420 “clatter of hooves”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 284.
420 Lee and Longstreet rode together: Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox, 131; Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 287, n35.
421 Early on the morning of August 20: Wert, Cavalryman of the Lost Cause, 126.
421 Stuart did not arrive at Cattlett’s Station: Ibid., 127–28.
421 Stuart cut telegraph lines: Ibid., 128.
422 “by rushing out the rear of his tent”: Reverend J. William Jones, Life and Letters of Robert E. Lee: Soldier and Man (New York: Neale, 1906), 192.
422 “I am sorry he is in such bad company”: Ibid.
422 The heavy rain raised: Wert, Cavalryman of the Lost Cause, 128.
423 “The army is not properly”: Robert E. Lee to Jefferson Davis, September 3, 1862, Papers of Jefferson Davis, Lynda Lasswell Crist, ed. (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1995), Vol. 8, 373.
424 “Lee was no grand-strategist”: J. F. C. Fuller, Grant and Lee: A Study in Personality and Generalship (New York: Scribner, 1933), 126.
424 When Fuller writes: Jones, Life and Letters of Robert E. Lee, 118; Fuller, Grant and Lee, 97.
425 “lack of thunder”: Fuller, Grant and Lee, 125.
425 True, paperwork exhausted and irritated him: Walter Herron Taylor, General Lee: His Campaigns in Virginia, 1861–1865 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1994), 25.
428 Their hostess, Mrs. Marshalclass="underline" A. L. Long, Memoirs of Robert E. Lee (New York: J. M. Stoddard, 1886), 116.
428 Other generals might have: Taylor, General Lee: His Campaigns in Virginia, 157–58.
429 Lee “would have been better off”: Ibid., 158.
429 On the other hand: Long, Memoirs of Robert E. Lee, 116.
429 “they drank dry”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 309.
429 There was none, however: Long, Memoirs of Robert E. Lee, 116.
430 Early the next morning: Ibid., 117; Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 309.
431 This began a day: Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, 554.
431 “bulging freight cars”: Ibid., 556.
431 Jackson moved his troops: Long, Memoirs of Robert E. Lee, 507.
431 “If you are prompt”: Emory Upton, Military Policy of the United States (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1917), 334.
432 Lee’s vanguard reached: Long, Memoirs of Robert E. Lee, 117.
432 Longstreet, displaying a lyrical gift: Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox, 141.
432 “this meal was partaken of”: Long, Memoirs of Robert E. Lee, 117.
433 “a tactical error”: Ibid., 118.
433 It was odd that neither: Esposito, The West Point Atlas of American Wars, text accompanying map 60.
434 It was less than fifteen miles: Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, 559.
435 Hearing this, Jackson relaxed a bit: Ibid., 560.
435 He shook hands with the courier: Ibid.
436 As Brigadier General Rufus King’s Union division approached Groveton: Ibid., 561.
436 He got only about 6,000 men: Wikipedia, “Battle of Groveton,” 6.
437 a bloody “stalemate”: Ibid., 5.
437 “effusion of blood”: Grant to Lee, April 7, 1865, L. T. Remlap, Grant and His Desscriptive Account of His Tour Around the World (New York: Hurst, 1885), Vol. 1, 177.
437 “his ear to the ground”: Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, 563.
438 McClellan was in Washington: Stephen W. Sears, George B. McClellan: The Young Napoleon (New York: Ticknor and Fields, 1988), 252.
438 “that fool Pope”: Ibid., 253–54.
438 Jackson spent the night: Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, 564.
439 By 10 a.m. the Federal forces: Ibid., 565.
439 By midmorning on August 29: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 322.
439 He had already performed: Fuller, Grant and Lee, 164.
439 Lee rode forward to survey the scene: Thomas, Robert E. Lee, 253.
440 “a masterpiece of contradiction”: John J. Hennessey, Return to Bull Run: The Campaign and Battle of Second Manassas (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1999), 232.
440 Throughout the late morning: Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, 566.
443 “General Lee was inclined”: Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox, 147.
444 Lee’s aide, Colonel Long: Taylor, General Lee: His Campaigns in Virginia, 107.
444 “The question will naturally arise”: Ibid.
444 “even though his martial instinct”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 322.
446 “You must know our circumstances”: Ibid., 347.
446 During all this time: Ibid., 325.
446 As darkness felclass="underline" Ibid., 328.
446 Even The West Point Atlas: Esposito, The West Point Atlas of American Wars, text accompanying map 62.
447 If Pope did not attack: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 330.
448 Six hundred yards away: Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, 572.
448 “the opposing flags”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 351.
448 Even for Jackson’s battle-hardened veterans: Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, 890.
449 Lee promptly ordered Longstreet: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 332.
449 began “to melt away”: Ibid.
449 “Almost immediately”: Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox, 152.
449 As Longstreet’s guns were firing: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 332.
450 “threw every man in his army”: Ibid.
450 “The artillery would gallop”: Gilbert Moxley Sorrel, Recollections of a Confederate Staff Officer (New York: Neale, 1905), 98, quoted in Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 334.
450 As Jackson began to advance: Long, Memoirs of Robert E. Lee, 510.
450 Lee himself rode forward: Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox, 154.
451 Longstreet pushed his men: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 335.
451 “Why, General”: Robert E. Lee, Recollections and Letters of Robert E. Lee, 76–77.
452 Both wings of the Confederate army: Taylor, General Lee: His Campaigns in Virginia, 114.
452 “Though the fighting”: Esposito, The West Point Atlas of American Wars, text accompanying map 63.
452 By this time it was raining: Sears, George B. McClellan, 256.
452 The state of panic: Ibid., 257.
454 He wrote late that night: Robert E. Lee, Lee’s Dispatches: Unpublished Letters of General Robert E. Lee, C.S.A., to Jefferson Davis and the War Department of the Confederate States of America, 1862 (New York: Putnam, 1957), 59–60.
454 Lee carefully gave: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 338.
455 At the break of day: Ibid.
455 Longstreet would “remain on the battlefield”: Ibid., 339.
455 Having set Jackson in motion: Taylor, General Lee: His Campaigns in Virginia, 115.
456 Quite apart from the pain: Ibid.
456 Longstreet followed Jackson at 2 p.m.: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 340.
456 Longstreet complained: Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox, 157.
457 This was not a success: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 341.
457 Longstreet, who came up: Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox, 158.
457 “as the storm of the battle”: Ibid.
457 One of the Union casualties of the battle: Ibid., 159.
458 However much Lee despised Pope: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 342.
458 He had taken over 7,000: Taylor, General Lee: His Campaigns in Virginia, 117.
459 “Unless something can be done”: Ibid.
459 “My men had nothing to eat”: Fuller, Grant and Lee, 304.
459 Victorious they might be: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 349.
460 Maryland offered many strategic advantages: Fuller, Grant and Lee, 166.
460 “The present seems to be”: War of the Rebellion, A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series 1, Vol. XIX, Part II (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1887), 590–1.
460 “not properly equipped”: Ibid., 590.
460 On September 4 he ordered: Fuller, Grant and Lee, 167.
461 President Lincoln and General Halleck were obliged: Sears, George B. McClellan, 263.
461 Even then he managed: Ibid., 268–69.
462 Lee wrote, “but being made”: War of the Rebellion, A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series 1, Vol. XIX, Part II, 600.
462 “McClellan has the army with him”: Sears, George B. McClellan, 262.
462 When he reviewed: Ibid.
463 “The march of the Confederates”: Le Comte de Paris, History of the Civil War in America (Philadelphia: Porter and Coates, 1886), Vol. 2, 317–18.
463 The state of his army: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 359, n22.
463 More seriously stilclass="underline" Ibid., 359.
464 Admittedly, Lee’s line of communications: Ibid.
464 Lee had constantly borne in mind: Ibid., 360–61.
465 cut the East “off from the West”: Ibid.
465 This is the first but not the last time: Ibid., 359.
466 Lee heard Longstreet’s booming voice: Ibid., 361, n46.
466 As one of Lee’s two army commanders: Ibid.
467 Lieutenant-Colonel Fremantle: Lt. Col. Arthur James Lyon Fremantle, Three Months in the Southern States, April–June, 1863 (New York: John Bradburn, 1864), 249.
467 “He is an able general”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 362.
468 It might serve: Ibid., 363.
468 Accidentally dropped in “an abandoned Confederate camp”: Fuller, Grant and Lee, 168.
470 Mayor-General J. F. C. Fuller turns positively apoplectic: Ibid., 168.
471 The two men reached Hagerstown: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 366.
472 At this moment of crisis: Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox, 179.
473 Whatever Lee hoped, at this point: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 369.
473 “at daylight”: Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox, 179.
474 This was hardly surprising: Wikipedia, “Battle of Harpers Ferry,” 6.
474 Lee was relieved by this good news: Esposito, The West Point Atlas of American Wars, text accompanying map 67.
475 It was only twelve miles: Wikipedia, “Battle of Harpers Ferry,” 6.
477 Lee would be obliged to fight: Esposito, The West Point Atlas of American Wars, text accompanying map 67.
477 On the morning of September 16: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 381.
477 “if he had had a well-equipped”: Ibid.
478 He expressed only the rather vague intention: Esposito, The West Point Atlas of American Wars, text accompanying map 67.
479 Federal artillery was already firing: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 382.
479 At 4:30 a.m. Lee was awake: Ibid., 387.
480 Even “Fighting Joe” Hooker: Ronald H. Bailey, Antietam: The Bloodiest Day (New York: Time-Life Books, 1984), 70.
481 Around 7:30 a.m.: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 391.
481 “to be sent to Jackson”: Ibid., 390.
481 Lee’s faithful aide: Long, Memoirs of Robert E. Lee, 134.
482 Long, who was beside Lee: Ibid., 131.
482 Everywhere on the field: Rufus Robinson Dawes, Service with the Sixth Wisconsin Volunteers (Marietta, Ohio: E. R. Alderman, 1890), 95.
483 “The roar of musketry”: Long, Memoirs of Robert E. Lee, 132.
483 The slaughter in Bloody Lane: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 392.
484 “without getting their waist belts”: Henry Kyd Douglas, I Rode with Stonewall (Chapel Hilclass="underline" University of North Carolina Press, 1940), 172.
484 “Gentlemen, we will not cross”: Henry Alexander White, Robert E. Lee (New York: Greenwood, 1969), 224–25.
484 This was determination indeed: Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox, 214.
485 “The passage of the Potomac”: Heros von Borcke, Memoirs of the Confederate War of Independence (Edinburgh: William Blackwood, 1866), Vol. I, 255.
CHAPTER 9 Glory—Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville
488 “Yes, my son”: Robert E. Lee Jr., Recollections and Letters of Robert E. Lee (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page, 1924), 77–98.