19. Gerlach, “German Economic Interests,” 213–14; Müller, “Economic Alliance,” 118–34; Koch, “Hitler’s ‘Programme,’” 898–99; Kershaw, Fateful Choices, 69.
20. Müller, “Economic Alliance,” 118–34; Kershaw, Fateful Choices, 69; Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, 420.
21. Müller, “Das ‘Unternehmen Barbarossa’ als wirtschaftlicher Raubkrieg,” 177; Koch, “Hitler’s ‘Programme,’” 899–905; Halder, War Diary, 22 May, 25–26 June, 9, 11, 13, 22 July, 26 August, 5 December 1940 (quote), 161, 217–18, 224–25, 232, 251, 294; Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, 411–19; Müller, “Economic Alliance,” 134–35; Förster, “Hitler’s Decision,” 23–25. For the Soviet perspective on tensions in the Balkans, see Gorodetsky, Grand Delusion, 23–66.
22. Ueberschär, “Hitlers Entschluß,” 98; Förster, “Hitler’s Decision,” 22, 25; Kershaw, Fateful Choices, 68–69, and Hitler: Nemesis, 307.
23. Halder, War Diary, 31 July 1940, 241–46; Förster, “Hitler’s Decision,” 25–30; Leach, German Strategy against Russia, 68–72; Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 307–8.
24. Halder, War Diary, 31 July 1940, 244–45; Förster, “Hitler’s Decision,” 25–30; Leach, German Strategy against Russia, 69–70; Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 307–8.
25. TBJG, 9 August 1940; Ueberschär, “Hitlers Entschluß,” 100; Förster, “Hitler’s Decision,” 27–28; Leach, German Strategy against Russia, 69–70; Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 307–8, and Fateful Choices, 69–70.
26. Kershaw, Fateful Choices, 70; Förster, “Hitler’s Decision,” 38; Koch, “Hitler’s ‘Programme,’” 904–7; Megargee, Inside Hitler’s High Command, 87–92, and War of Annihilation, 20–21; Halder, War Diary, 27 August 1940, 252; Schreiber, “Mittelmeerraum,” 80–82.
27. Förster, “Hitler’s Decision,” 40–41.
28. Ibid.; Koch, “Hitler’s ‘Programme,’” 911–12; Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 325–26, and Fateful Choices, chaps. 3, 5.
29. Förster, “Hitler’s Decision,” 40–41; Schreiber, “Mittelmeerraum,” 80; Kershaw, Fateful Choices, 76–79, and Hitler: Nemesis, 326–27. For a detailed discussion of the Mediterranean strategy, see Schreiber, “Political and Military Developments,” esp. pt. 2.
30. Schreiber, “Mittelmeerraum,” 80–82; Kershaw, Fateful Choices, 76–80.
31. Schreiber, “Mittelmeerraum,” 82–83; Leach, German Strategy against Russia, 72–75; Koch, “Hitler’s ‘Programme,’” 910; Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 327–28, and Fateful Choices, 81–82.
32. Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 329–30, and Fateful Choices, 82–83; Schreiber, “Mittelmeerraum,” 83; Halder, War Diary, 1 November 1940, 272; Schmidt, Hitler’s Interpreter, 193–96.
33. Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 330–31, and Fateful Choices, 82–83; Hillgruber, Staatsmänner, 1:142–49; Schmidt, Hitler’s Interpreter, 198–99; Halder, War Diary, 1 November 1940, 272; Weinberg, A World at Arms, 206.
34. Below, Als Hitlers Adjutant, 249–50; Halder, War Diary, 1 November 1940, 272; Bock, War Diary, 11 November 1940, 193; Schreiber, “Mittelmeerraum,” 84–85, 87; Koch, “Hitler’s ‘Programme,’” 912; Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 331–32, and Fateful Choices, 83–84; Engel, Heeresadjutant bei Hitler, 4 November 1940, 89–90; Warlimont, Inside Hitler’s Headquarters, 120. On Gibraltar, see also Goda, “The Riddle of the Rock.”
35. Förster, “Hitler’s Decision,” 42–43; Koch, “Hitler’s ‘Programme,’” 912; Müller, “Das ‘Unternehmen Barbarossa’ als wirtschaftlicher Raubkrieg,” 177; Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 332–33; Gorodetsky, Grand Delusion, 67–75.
36. Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 332, and Fateful Choices, 84; Schreiber, “Mittelmeerraum,” 85.
37. Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 333–34, and Fateful Choices, 84; Förster, “Hitler’s Decision,” 43–44; Koch, “Hitler’s ‘Programme,’” 915–19; Read and Fisher, The Deadly Embrace, 510–12; Schmidt, Statist auf diplomatischer Bühne, 525–27; Weinberg, A World at Arms, 201. See also Hillgruber, Staatsmänner, 1:166–93; Noakes and Pridham, Nazism: A History, 2:801–8; Bezymenskij, “Der Berlin-Besuch von V. M. Molotov”; and Gorodetsky, Grand Delusion, 67–75.
38. Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 334, and Fateful Choices, 84; Förster, “Hitler’s Decision,” 43–44; Koch, “Hitler’s ‘Programme,’” 919; Engel, Heeresadjutant bei Hitler, 15 November 1940, 91; Schreiber, “Mittelmeerraum,” 86; Leach, German Strategy against Russia, 77–78, 82; Gorodetsky, Grand Delusion, 70, 75–86; Schramm, ed., Kriegstagebuch, 15 November 1940, 1, pt. 1:177.
39. Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 334–35, and Fateful Choices, 84–90; Förster, “Hitler’s Decision,” 46–48; Halder, War Diary, 5 December 1940, 292–98; Schramm, ed., Kriegstagebuch, 5, 10 December 1940, 208–9, 1, pt. 1:222; Bock, War Diary, 3 December 1940, 2 January 1941, 193–94, 197–98.
40. Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 334–35, and Fateful Choices, 84–90; Förster, “Hitler’s Decision,” 28, 46–48; Schreiber, “Mittelmeerraum,” 91; Schramm, ed., Kriegstagebuch, 9 January 1941, 1, pt. 1:258; Murray, “Betrachtungen,” 322–25; Deist, “The Road to Ideological War,” 385–92; “Weisung Nr. 21 Fall Barbarossa vom 18. 12. 1940,” in Ueberschär and Wette, eds., “Unternehmen Barbarossa,” 244–46.
41. Geyer, “German Strategy in the Age of Machine Warfare,” 574–93; Murray, “Betrachtungen,” 322–25; Deist, “The Road to Ideological War,” 385–92; Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 342–43; Klink, “Military Concept,” 284–85, 320.
42. Engel, Heeresadjutant bei Hitler, 18 December 1940, 92; Halder, War Diary, 17 February 1941, 320; Leach, German Strategy against Russia, 87–123; Klink, “Military Concept,” 257–85; Megargee, War of Annihilation, 24–32.
43. Leach, German Strategy against Russia, 101–3.
44. Ibid., 87–100; Müller, “Das ‘Unternehmen Barbarossa’ als wirtschaftlicher Raubkrieg,” 178–79.
45. Müller, “Das ‘Unternehmen Barbarossa’ als wirtschaftlicher Raubkrieg,” 178–79; Leach, German Strategy against Russia, 87–100; Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, 432–40, 452–56; Förster, “Hitler’s Decision,” 48, “Der historische Ort,” 632, and “The Dynamics of Volksgemeinschaft,” 200–202; Megargee, War of Annihilation, 26–28.