3. Halder, War Diary, 22 June 1941, 410–12. Proponents of the idea that Stalin intended a strike against Germany include Suvorov, Icebreaker; Topitsch, Stalin’s War; Raack, “Stalin’s Plans for World War II”; and Hoffmann, “The Soviet Union’s Offensive Preparations in 1941.”
For good historiographic assessments and critiques of this argument, see Uldricks, “The Icebreaker Controversy”; Pietrow-Ennker, Präventivkrieg? and “Deutschland im Juni 1941”; Förster, “Die Grosse Täuschung”; Ueberschär, “Das ‘Unternehmen Barbarossa’ gegen die Sowjetunion”; and Gorodetsky, “Was Stalin Planning to Attack Hitler in June 1941?” “Stalin and Hitler’s Attack on the Soviet Union,” and “Stalin und Hitlers Angriff auf die Sowjetunion.” For a balanced assessment of Stalin’s perceptions of the Wehrmacht, see Arlt, “Die Wehrmacht im Kalkül Stalins,” 105–11.
4. Rotundo, “Stalin and the Outbreak of War in 1941,” 289–96; Gorodetsky, “Stalin and Hitler’s Attack on the Soviet Union,” 346–50, and Grand Delusion, chaps. 8, 12; Churchill, The Grand Alliance, 55; Litvinov quoted in Gorodetsky, “Was Stalin Planning to Attack Hitler in June 1941?” 72.
5. Rotundo, “Stalin and the Outbreak of War in 1941,” 289–96; Gorodetsky, Grand Deception, chap. 6, and “Stalin and Hitler’s Attack on the Soviet Union,” 346–47, 355–56; Mawdsley, Thunder in the East, 32–41; TBJG, 16 June 1941.
6. Rotundo, “Stalin and the Outbreak of War in 1941,” 284–85, 290–92, 295–96; Uldricks, “The Icebreaker Controversy,” 635–36; Mawdsley, Thunder in the East, 32–37.
7. Mawdsley, Thunder in the East, 32–37; Churchill, The Hinge of Fate, 493; Gorodetsky, “Stalin and Hitler’s Attack on the Soviet Union,” 357–59.
8. Leach, German Strategy against Russia, 172; Rotundo, “Stalin and the Outbreak of War in 1941,” 280–81; Mawdsley, Thunder in the East, 26–31, 42–43, 46–51. Although, as is often supposed, the Soviets had made no special effort in the 1930s to expand industry across the Urals, they had created new factories in the eastern part of European Russia between Moscow and the Urals.
9. Mawdsley, Thunder in the East, 44–46. For a good assessment of German intelligence failures, see Thomas, “Foreign Armies East.”
10. Mawdsley, Thunder in the East, 41–43; Förster, “Hitler’s Decision,” 48; Leach, German Strategy against Russia, chaps. 5–6; Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, 456–57; Bock, War Diary, 31 January 1941, 196–97.
11. Clausewitz, On War, bk. 1, chap. 2.
12. Hayward, “Hitler’s Quest for Oil,” 99–103; Cooke and Nesbit, Target, Hitler’s Oil, 16; Reinhardt, Die Wende vor Moskau, 117–18.
13. On the problems of horse-drawn transport, see DiNardo, Mechanized Juggernaut? 40–50.
14. Förster, “The Dynamics of Volksgemeinschaft,” 201; Leach, German Strategy against Russia, 234–35. On Soviet military dispositions, see Gorodetsky, Grand Delusion, 115–30, 227–45; Mawdsley, Thunder in the East, 37–41; and Rotundo, “Stalin and the Outbreak of War in 1941,” 286.
15. TBJG, 23 June 1941.
16. Glantz, Barbarossa, 35; Leach, German Strategy against Russia, 192–93; Kershaw, War without Garlands, 37, 51–52, 55.
17. Glantz, Barbarossa, 37–39; Mawdsley, Thunder in the East, 55–59; Overy, Russia’s War, 73–79. Stalin supposedly commented to Timoshenko and Zhukov, “Lenin founded our state and we’ve fucked it up,” then drove to his dacha at Kuntsevo, where he remained incommunicado until 30 June, when members of the Politburo went to demand he again actively lead the state. Stalin quoted in Radzinskii, Stalin, 451–52.
18. Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 525–26; Megargee, War of Annihilation, 46–47; Glantz, Barbarossa, 37.
19. Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 527–32; Megargee, War of Annihilation, 47; Guderian, Panzer Leader, 158–66; Bock, War Diary, 23, 25–26 June 1941, 225–28.
20. Halder, War Diary, 22–29 June 1941, 410–32; Leach, German Strategy against Russia, 194–95; Bock, War Diary, 25 June 1941, 227.
21. Halder, War Diary, 22–29 June 1941, 410–32; Bock, War Diary, 22–29 June, 2 July 1941, 224–33, 235–36; Kershaw, War without Garlands, 76–77, 94; TBJG, 28–30 June 1941; Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 531–32, 536. Soviet figures put the losses at 340,000 men, or half the strength of the Western Front at the outset of the invasion, 4,800 tanks, and 9,400 guns and mortars, figures higher even than the Germans estimated. Mawdsley, Thunder in the East, 60.
22. Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 537–41; Megargee, War of Annihilation, 45–46; Glantz, Barbarossa, 42–46.
23. Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 546–69; Megargee, War of Annihilation, 47–49; Glantz, Barbarossa, 46–53.
24. Glantz, Barbarossa, 55; Stolfi, “Barbarossa Revisited,” 35–36, and Hitler’s Panzers East.
25. Halder, War Diary, 3 July 1941, 446–47; Ueberschär, “Das Scheitern des Unternehmens ‘Barbarossa,’” 146–47.
26. Kroener, “Organisation und Mobilisierung des deutschen Machtbereichs,” 567–69; “Sonderakte,” in Schramm, ed., Kriegstagebuch, 4 July 1941, 1, pt. 2:1020; “Vortragsnotiz über die Besetzung und Sicherung des russischen Raumes und über den Umbau des Heeres nach Abschluß Barbarossa,” in ibid., 15 July 1941, 1022–25; “Besprechung Chef OKW mit den Wehrmachtteilen am 16. 8. 41 über Die Auswirkung der Richtlinien des Führers vom 14. 7. 41 sowie die Durchführbarkeit der sich daraus ergebenden neuen Schwerpunkt-Programme,” in ibid., 16 August 1941, 1047–54; Ueberschär, “Das Scheitern des Unternehmens ‘Barbarossa,’” 149–50; Leach, German Strategy against Russia, 219; Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 26–31, 40–43.
27. Ueberschär, “Das Scheitern des Unternehmens ‘Barbarossa,’” 147; Halder, War Diary, 8 July 1941, 458; TBJG, 9 July 1941; Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 400–404; Jochmann, ed., Monologe im Führerhauptquartier, 5–6, 11–12, 27 July, 1–2, 8–11, 19–20 August, 17–19, 22–26 September 1941, 38–71; Jürgen Förster, “Securing ‘Living Space,’” 1235.
28. Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 403–4; Jochmann, Monologe im Führerhauptquartier, 23–26 September 1941, 66–71.
29. Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 404–5; Jochmann, Monologe im Führerhauptquartier, 23–28 September 1941, 65–72; Fritz, Frontsoldaten, 187–218, and “ ‘We are trying… to change the face of the world.’”