90. Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 579–80; Leach, German Strategy against Russia, 209; Schramm, ed., Kriegstagebuch, 28 July 1941, 1, pt. 2:1040; “Directive No. 34,” in Glantz, Barbarossa, 237; Halder, War Diary, 30 July 1941, 490.
91. Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 579–83; Leach, German Strategy against Russia, 209–12; Halder, War Diary, 1 August 1941, 491; Bock, War Diary, 5 August 1941, 273.
92. Bock, War Diary, 2 August 1941, 271; Letters of 10 and 11 August 1941, in Buchbender and Sterz, eds., Das andere Gesicht des Krieges, 77–78.
93. Bock, War Diary, 7, 12 August 1941, 276, 281.
94. Halder, War Diary, 4, 11 August 1941, 496, 505–6.
95. Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 588–90; Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 411; Schramm, ed., Kriegstagebuch, 12 August 1941, 1, pt. 2:1044.
96. Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 590–91; Ueberschär, “Das Scheitern des Unternehmens ‘Barbarossa,’” 153; Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 411–12; TBJG, 19 August 1941.
97. Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 591–93; Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 412–14; “Sonderakte,” in Schramm, ed., Kriegstagebuch, 20 August 1941, 1, pt. 2:1061; “Operative Gedanken des Führers und Weisungen am 21. August 1941,” in ibid., 21 August 1941, 1061–62; “Studie,” in ibid., 22 August 1941, 1063–68.
98. Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 593–94; Wilt, “Hitler’s Late Summer Pause,” 188; Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 414–15; Halder, War Diary, 22, 24 August 1941, 514–16; Bock, War Diary, 22–24 August 1941, 288–93; Guderian, Panzer Leader, 198–202.
99. Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 593–94; Müller, “The Failure of the Economic ‘Blitzkrieg Strategy,’” 1124–41; Schüler, “The Eastern Campaign,” 211–13; Leach, German Strategy against Russia, 214–15, 218–25, 238–41; Megargee, War of Annihilation, 80–81; Kipp, “The Crisis of Successive Operations,” 133–34; Glantz, Barbarossa, 83–96; Mawdsley, Thunder in the East, 71–74.
100. Halder, War Diary, 8 August 1941, 500; Ueberschär, “Das Scheitern des Unternehmens ‘Barbarossa,’” 154; Megargee, War of Annihilation, 81; Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 593–94; Müller, “The Failure of the Economic ‘Blitzkrieg Strategy,’” 1141; Leach, German Strategy against Russia, 217, 234–37.
4. Whirlwind
1. TBJG, 30 June 1941, 1, 5, 24, 28 July 1941; Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 422–23; Steinert, Hitler’s War, 117–32; Aly and Heim, Architects of Annihilation, 237.
2. Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 422–23; TBJG, 28 June, 14, 17, 31 July, 13, 16, 19 August 1941; Steinert, Hitler’s War, 122. For the popular mood in general, see TBJG, 9–10, 14–17, 20, 23–24, 28–29, 31 July, 7–8, 10–11, 13–16, 25, 28–29 August 1941; and Aly, Hitler’s Beneficiaries, 131, 169–71.
3. Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 424–26, and Popular Opinion and Political Dissent, 332–57; Steinert, Hitler’s War, 122–23.
4. Steinert, Hitler’s War, 122–24; Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 426–28.
5. TBJG, 14 August 1941; Browning, The Origins of the Final Solution, 184–85. The best book on the rise and impact of eugenics in Germany is Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, here 15–20. See also Kühl, The Nazi Connection, 77–84; Burleigh, Death and Deliverance; Burleigh and Wippermann, The Racial State; and Mazower, Dark Continent, chap. 3.
6. Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 252–61; Browning, The Origins of the Final Solution, 185–89; Burleigh, Death and Deliverance, 97, 111–12; Klee, “Euthanasie” im NS-Staat, 46–47, 53, 95–98, 112–15, 192–93; Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, 39, 43, 62–63. On compulsory sterilization, see Bock, Zwangssterilisation im Nationalsozialismus. There are numerous local and regional studies of compulsory sterilization by German historians.
7. Browning, The Origins of the Final Solution, 185–93; Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 252, 260–61, 429–30; Burleigh and Wippermann, The Racial State, 143–48, 153; Klee, Dokumente zur “Euthanasie,” 85, and “Euthanasie” im NS-Staat, 345–55; Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, 40–61, 64–110, 106–7, 111–16, 150–63, 270–83.
8. Megargee, War of Annihilation, 76, 82; Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 559–67; Müller, “The Failure of the Economic ‘Blitzkrieg Strategy,’” 1117–23; Mawdsley, Thunder in the East, 74–77; Glantz, Barbarossa, 117–18.
9. Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 567–68, 594–96; Megargee, War of Annihilation, 76–78; Mawdsley, Thunder in the East, 77–79.
10. Kershaw, War without Garlands, 152; Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 594–98; Wilt, “Hitler’s Late Summer Pause,” 189.
11. Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 599–600; Schramm, ed., Kriegstagebuch, 25–31 August, 1–6 September 1941, 1, pt. 2:590–617; Wilt, “Hitler’s Late Summer Pause,” 189–90; Guderian, Panzer Leader, 212; Bock, War Diary, 31 August, 2, 4–5 September 1941, 299, 301, 303–5; Kershaw, War without Garlands, 155.
12. Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 600–601; Wilt, “Hitler’s Late Summer Pause,” 190; Megargee, War of Annihilation, 82–83.
13. Mawdsley, Thunder in the East, 79–80; Glantz, Barbarossa, 126–28.
14. Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 601–4; Wilt, “Hitler’s Late Summer Pause,” 190; Stolfi, “The Greatest Encirclement Battle in History”; Kershaw, War without Garlands, 156–57; Megargee, War of Annihilation, 82–83; Bock, War Diary, 15 September 1941, 313.
15. Kershaw, War without Garlands, 158–63; Letter of Günter von Scheven, 2 September 1941, in Bähr and Bähr, eds., Kriegsbriefe, 112; Letter of 24 September 1941, in Buchbender and Sterz, eds., Das andere Gesicht des Krieges, 82; Mawdsley, Thunder in the East, 79–80; Glantz, Barbarossa, 128–32.
16. Glantz, Barbarossa, 132; Mawdsley, Thunder in the East, 80–81; Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 603–4, 604 n. 252. Soviet records corroborate the magnitude of the calamity. On 1 September, the Southwestern Front centered on Kiev numbered approximately 760,000 men (850,000 counting reserves). In the ensuing encirclement, the Soviets admitted to the loss of some 440,000 troops. Overall, the Southwestern Front suffered over 700,000 casualties, with 616,304 killed, wounded, captured, or missing during the Battle for Kiev.