42. Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 678–79; Glantz, Barbarossa, 153–55, 157–58; Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 91–92, 148–49, 179 n. 29; Paul, Erfrorener Sieg, 122; Kershaw, War without Garlands, 166–67.
43. Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 678–79, 685; Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 91–92; Glantz, Barbarossa, 153–55, 157–58; Kershaw, War without Garlands, 182–85; Bock, War Diary, 13 October 1941, 331.
44. Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 678–81; Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 93–95; Glantz, Barbarossa, 158; Megargee, War of Annihilation, 103–4; Bock, War Diary, 25 October 1941, 340.
45. Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 680–84; Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 94–99; Bock, War Diary, 29, 31 October, 1 November 1941, 345–48.
46. Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 607–8; Megargee, War of Annihilation, 105.
47. Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 609–12; Megargee, War of Annihilation, 106–7.
48. Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 613–19; Megargee, War of Annihilation, 107–8; Halder, War Diary, 7 November 1941, 554.
49. Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 619–26; Megargee, War of Annihilation, 112–13; Halder, War Diary, 29 November 1941, 567–70.
50. Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 619–26; Megargee, War of Annihilation, 112–13; Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 441; Ziemke and Bauer, Moscow to Stalingrad, 55–57; Halder, War Diary, 30 November, 1, 3 December 1941, 571, 573–76.
51. Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 128–34.
52. Ibid., 135–37, 154 n. 18, 263–67, 273 n. 26; Herbert, “Labour and Extermination,” 165–67; Ciano, The Ciano Diaries, 25 November 1941, 411; Aly and Heim, Architects of Annihilation, 248–50.
53. Hoffmann, “The Conduct of the War through Soviet Eyes,” 849–52; Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 686 n. 523; Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, 482–83; Streit, “Sowjetische Kriegsgefangene,” 747–49, “Die Behandlung der sowjetischen Kriegsgefangen,” “Die Behandlung der verwundeten sowjetischen Kriegsgefangenen,” and Keine Kameraden, 162–64; Streim, Sowjetische Gefangene, 313–15, and “Das Völkerrecht.”
54. Letter of 26 August 1941, in Moltke, Letters to Freya, 155–56; Müller, “The Failure of the Economic ‘Blitzkrieg Strategy,’” 1147, 1172–73; Berkhoff, “ ‘Russian’ Prisoners of War”; Herbert, “Labour and Extermination,” 152 n. 18; Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 263–67; Hartmann, “Verbrecherischer Krieg—verbrecherische Wehrmacht?” 11–12, 21–25.
Christian Gerlach argues that the high mortality rates suffered by Soviet prisoners of war during the transport phase were not simply due to neglect but part of a systematic strategy of annihilation. See Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 843–45.
Christian Hartmann disputes the notion of a deliberate plan to murder Soviet prisoners of war but does admit that the autumn 1941 order to deny food to those incapable of working had devastating consequences. By his reckoning, some 2 million Soviet prisoners of war died in the winter of 1941–1942. See Hartmann, Wehrmacht im Ostkrieg, 531, 566–67, 592.
55. Streit, “Sowjetische Kriegsgefangene,” 748–50, “Die Behandlung der sowjetischen Kriegsgefangen,” “The German Army and the Politics of Genocide,” 9–10, and Keine Kameraden, 106–8, 136; Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 774–76, and “Verbrechen deutscher Fronttruppen in Weißrußland,” 92–94; Diary entry of Gustav Vetter, 26 December 1941, in Dollinger, ed., Kain, wo ist dein Bruder? 114; Konrad Jarausch, Letters of 23, 25 October, 1, 14 November 1941, 10 January 1942, in Jarausch, ed., Reluctant Accomplice, 307–9, 311, 314, 324, 361.
56. Streit, “Sowjetische Kriegsgefangene,” 748–50, “Die Behandlung der sowjetischen Kriegsgefangen,” “The German Army and the Politics of Genocide,” 9–10, Keine Kameraden, 136, and “Die Behandlung der verwundeten sowjetischen Kriegsgefangenen”; MacKenzie, “Treatment of Prisoners of War”; Schulte, “Korück 582,” 327–30, and German Army, 180–210; TBJG, 27 August 1941; Müller, “The Failure of the Economic ‘Blitzkrieg Strategy,’” 1147–48; Hartmann, Wehrmacht im Ostkrieg, 592. For Bock’s reaction, see Bock, War Diary, 20 October 1941, 337.
57. Streit, “Sowjetische Kriegsgefangene,” 748–49, Keine Kameraden, 87–105, and “Die Behandlung der verwundeten sowjetischen Kriegsgefangenen”; MacKenzie, “Treatment of Prisoners of War,” 504–12; Förster, “Operation Barbarossa as a War of Conquest,” 520; Müller, “The Failure of the Economic ‘Blitzkrieg Strategy,’” 1177; Berkhoff, “ ‘Russian’ Prisoners of War,” 4–5.
Considerable controversy surrounds the number of Soviet troops who died in German captivity as well as both the extent of Wehrmacht cooperation in the killings of commissars and the total number shot. In the former debate, Christian Streit and Hans-Adolf Jacobsen argue for a figure of 5.7 million prisoners, of whom 3.3 million died, while Alfred Streim puts the numbers at 5.3 and 2.5 million, respectively. Joachim Hoffmann, on the basis of Soviet records, asserts a figure of 5,245,882 prisoners, with some 2 million dead by the spring of 1942.
In terms of deaths by direct shootings, Streit has claimed that at least 580,000–600,000 Soviet prisoners of war fell victim to the shooting squads or army killers, a number that is certainly too high (as he essentially concedes in the third edition of his book). By contrast, Alfred Streim puts the actual number executed as at least 140,000 while stressing that the number could be considerably higher since no exact figures are available for Ukraine. Hoffmann and Christian Gerlach, on the other hand, put the number shot by the Einsatzgruppen at perhaps less than 30,000, while Reinhard Otto claims 38,000 men were shot up to the end of July 1942. See Streit, Keine Kameraden, 10, 105; Jacobsen, “Kommissarbefehl und Massenexekutionen sowjetischer Kriegsgefangener,” 197, 279; Streim, Die Behandlung sowjetischer Kriegsgefangener, 244; Hoffmann, “The Conduct of the War through Soviet Eyes,” 852 n. 71; Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 839; and Otto, Wehrmacht, 63–65, 263–68. See also Hartmann, “Massensterben oder Massenvernichtung?” and “Verbrecherischer Krieg—verbrecherische Wehrmacht?” 49. For Bock’s objections to the use of these “special detachments,” see Bock, War Diary, 9 November 1941, 353.
58. Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 140–61, 267–68; Schuler, “Eastern Campaign as Transportation and Supply Problem,” 216; Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, 493–99.
59. Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 140–61, 270–72; Schuler, “Eastern Campaign as Transportation and Supply Problem,” 216; Hayward, “Hitler’s Quest for Oil,” 101–7; Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, 493–99.
60. TBJG, 9 July 1941; Streit, “The German Army and the Politics of Genocide,” 9; Müller, “The Failure of the Economic ‘Blitzkrieg Strategy,’” 1141–45, 1149; Aly and Heim, Architects of Annihilation, 244.