47. Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, 545–48; Gerlach, Krieg, Ernährung, Völkermord, 175, 192–97, 210–37, 245–57; Müller, “Das ‘Unternehmen Barbarossa’ als wirtschaftlicher Raubkrieg,” 190, and “The Failure of the Economic ‘Blitzkrieg Strategy,’” 1186–87; Aly and Heim, Architects of Annihilation, 242–48; Aly, Hitler’s Beneficiaries, 170–73; Mazower, Hitler’s Empire, 284–86.
48. Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, 547–48; Mazower, Hitler’s Empire, 284–87.
49. Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 386–87, 401–2; Müller, “The Mobilization of the German Economy,” 652–721, 758–73.
50. Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 388–90; Müller, “The Mobilization of the German Economy,” 754–73; Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, 349–53, 508–9, 560; Overy, War and Economy in the Third Reich, 343–56.
51. Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 390, 395; Müller, “The Mobilization of the German Economy,” 773–74; Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 502–3.
52. Overy, War and Economy in the Third Reich, 356–57; Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 396–97; Müller, “The Mobilization of the German Economy,” 773–86, and “Albert Speer und die deutsche Rüstungspolitik,” 281–98; Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, 558–64; Buchheim, “Unternehmen in Deutschland,” 369–71.
53. Overy, War and Economy in the Third Reich, 358–64, 370–71; Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 397; Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, 562–63, 566–67, 576–77; Müller, “The Mobilization of the German Economy,” 773–86.
54. Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, 553–56, 566–77; Boberach, ed., Meldungen aus dem Reich, 23 April 1942; SD Reports of 14, 28 May 1942, in Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, 554; TBJG, 9 May 1942.
55. Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, 588–89; Harrison, ed., The Economics of World War II, 15–16; Harrison, Soviet Planning in Peace and War, “Resource Mobilization for World War II,” and “The Volume of Soviet Munitions Output”; Overy, Russia’s War, 154–56, 161–67, 223–34, and Why the Allies Won, 180–90; Sokolov and Glantz, “The Role of Lend-Lease.” On the Soviet home front, see Barber and Harrison, The Soviet Home Front.
56. TBJG, 20 March 1942; Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 494–95.
57. TBJG, 20 March 1942; Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 423–24; Wegner, “Vom Lebensraum zum Todesraum,” 17–18, and “The War against the Soviet Union,” 843–44, 858, 861; Hayward, Stopped at Stalingrad, 22; Halder, War Diary, 28 March 1942, 612.
58. TBJG, 20 March 1942; Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 423–24; Wegner, “Vom Lebensraum zum Todesraum,” 17–18, and “The War against the Soviet Union,” 843–44, 858, 861; Halder, War Diary, 28 March 1942, 612; Citino, Death of the Wehrmacht, 157–65; Hayward, Stopped at Stalingrad, 23–25; Glantz, To the Gates of Stalingrad, 12–15.
59. Wegner, “Vom Lebensraum zum Todesraum,” 18, and “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1207–8; Halder, War Diary, 28 March, 12 June 1942, 612, 623; TBJG, 21 March 1942; Citino, Death of the Wehrmacht, 50–51.
60. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 848–49, 860–62, 869, 1210, “Vom Lebensraum zum Todesraum,” 20–21, and “Hitlers zweiter Feldzug,” 653, 655, 658; Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, 586–87; Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 403, 425; Speer, Inside the Third Reich, 215; Kroener, “The Manpower Resources of the Third Reich,” 1100–1112.
61. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 848–49, 860–62, 869, 1207, “Vom Lebensraum zum Todesraum,” 20–21, and “Hitlers zweiter Feldzug,” 653, 655, 658; Halder, War Diary, 12 June 1942, 623; Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, 586–87; Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 403, 425; Speer, Inside the Third Reich, 215; Kroener, “The Manpower Resources of the Third Reich,” 1100–1112; Goebbels, “Wofur?”
62. Hayward, “Hitler’s Quest for Oil,” 108–9, and Stopped at Stalingrad, 18–22; TBJG, 24 May 1942; Jochmann, Monologe im Führerhauptquartier, 5 August 1942, 328–29; Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, 586; Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 850–58, 869, “Vom Lebensraum zum Todesraum,” 18–19, and “Hitlers zweiter Feldzug,” 654–55. As early as 1928, Hitler claimed that Russian oil deposits had the same importance in the twentieth century as iron and coal deposits had in previous centuries. See Hitler, Second Book, 157.
63. Hayward, “Hitler’s Quest for Oil,” 108–9; Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, 586; Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 858, 869, “Vom Lebensraum zum Todesraum,” 18–19, and “Hitlers zweiter Feldzug,” 654–55; TBJG, 24 May 1942; Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 514–17. According to Goebbels, Hitler once again explicitly mentioned the liquidation of the Jews as a further consequence of the war (TBJG, 24 May 1942).
64. Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, 557–58; Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 423–24; Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 843–44, 858, 861, 1208, “Hitlers zweiter Feldzug,” 655–56, and “The Road to Defeat,” 116–17. As late as 23 November 1942—ironically, the day the ring around Stalingrad was closed—Himmler proclaimed in a speech that the east would be “colonies today, settlement area tomorrow, and Reich the day after tomorrow.” Quoted in Wegner, “Hitlers zweiter Feldzug,” 656.
65. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 863–69, 872, 904–27, and “Vom Lebensraum zum Todesraum,” 22–24; Halder, War Diary, 21 April 1942, 613–14; Citino, Death of the Wehrmacht, 152–53.
66. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 871–82, 895, and “Vom Lebensraum zum Todesraum,” 22; Warlimont, Inside Hitler’s Headquarters, 239–40; Citino, Death of the Wehrmacht, 152–53; Glantz, To the Gates of Stalingrad, 15–16. On the demodernization of the Wehrmacht, see Bartov, Hitler’s Army, chap. 1.
67. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 871–82, and “Vom Lebensraum zum Todesraum,” 22. See also Mierzejewski, “A Public Enterprise in the Service of Mass Murder.”
68. TBJG, 23, 26 April 1942; Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 882–903, “Vom Lebensraum zum Todesraum,” 23–24, and “Hitlers zweiter Feldzug,” 658–59; Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 509. By 1 May 1942, the Soviet armed forces were back up to an overall strength of roughly 11 million soldiers, with about 5.6 million in the field army. See Glantz, To the Gates of Stalingrad, 46–47.