5. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1117–22; Kehrig, Stalingrad, 102–5, 112–13, and “Die 6. Armee im Kessel von Stalingrad,” 76–80; Schramm, ed., Kriegstagebuch, 16, 27 August, 9 September 1942, 2, pt. 3:597, 646, 703; ibid., 26, 27 October 1942, 2, pt. 4:865, 868.
6. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1117–22; Kehrig, Stalingrad, 102–5, 112–13, and “Die 6. Armee im Kessel von Stalingrad,” 76–80; Schramm, ed., Kriegstagebuch, 2, 4 November 1942, 2, pt. 4:889, 902.
7. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1118, 1121; Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 541–43; Below, Als Hitlers Adjutant, 322–23.
8. Roberts, Victory at Stalingrad, 118–19; Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1103–5, 1111, 1123; Beevor, Stalingrad, 226–27; Hayward, Stopped at Stalingrad, 224–25.
9. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1123; Kehrig, “Die 6. Armee im Kessel von Stalingrad,” 80–81, and Stalingrad, 131–34; Beevor, Stalingrad, 231, 239–44; Hayward, Stopped at Stalingrad, 227–28.
10. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1123–24; Kehrig, “Die 6. Armee im Kessel von Stalingrad,” 80–81, and Stalingrad, 136; Beevor, Stalingrad, 245–48; Hayward, Stopped at Stalingrad, 228; Ziemke and Bauer, Moscow to Stalingrad, 468–70.
11. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1124–25; Kehrig, “Die 6. Armee im Kessel von Stalingrad,” 81, and Stalingrad, 145–54; Beevor, Stalingrad, 248–53; Hayward, Stopped at Stalingrad, 230–31; Ziemke and Bauer, Moscow to Stalingrad, 470–72.
12. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1125–27; Kehrig, “Die 6. Armee im Kessel von Stalingrad,” 82–83, and Stalingrad, 160, 163, 170–72; Beevor, Stalingrad, 253–56; “Lagebericht OKH,” in Schramm, ed., Kriegstagebuch, 21 November 1942, 2, pt. 4:1001–2; Ziemke and Bauer, Moscow to Stalingrad, 473–74; Hayward, Stopped at Stalingrad, 231.
13. Kehrig, “Die 6. Armee im Kessel von Stalingrad,” 83–84, and Stalingrad, 173–75; Beevor, Stalingrad, 256–65; Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1128–29; Fischer, “Über den Entschluss zur luftversorgung Stalingrads,” 51–53; Ziemke and Bauer, Moscow to Stalingrad, 472.
14. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1131–32; Hayward, Stopped at Stalingrad, 233–46. For the most complete account of the decision for the airlift, see Fischer, “Über den Entschluss zur luftversorgung Stalingrads,” 7–68.
15. Hayward, Stopped at Stalingrad, 233–46; Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1132–33; Kehrig, “Die 6. Armee im Kessel von Stalingrad,” 85–87; Beevor, Stalingrad, 266–74.
16. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1133–39; Manstein, Lost Victories, 294–97, 303; Stahlberg, Bounden Duty, 215; Kehrig, “Die 6. Armee im Kessel von Stalingrad,” 87–89, and Stalingrad, 237–38, 253.
17. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1137–40, 1148; Hayward, Stopped at Stalingrad, 243, 259–60; Kehrig, “Die 6. Armee im Kessel von Stalingrad,” 89–92; Beevor, Stalingrad, 276–77; Roberts, Victory at Stalingrad, 125. Kehrig claims that the talks between Manstein and Richthofen took place on 26 November, but both Wegner and Hayward (who relies on Richthofen’s diary) place the discussion on the twenty-seventh.
18. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1140–41; Kehrig, “Die 6. Armee im Kessel von Stalingrad,” 92–93, and Stalingrad, 308, 313–15; Beevor, Stalingrad, 293–96.
19. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1143–45, 1153; Kehrig, “Die 6. Armee im Kessel von Stalingrad,” 93–94, 100, and Stalingrad, 324–30; Beevor, Stalingrad, 296–97.
20. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1145–48; Kehrig, “Die 6. Armee im Kessel von Stalingrad,” 95–99, and Stalingrad, 354–69; Beevor, Stalingrad, 297–99.
21. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1153–58; Kehrig, “Die 6. Armee im Kessel von Stalingrad,” 99–102, and Stalingrad, 408–10; Beevor, Stalingrad, 293, 299–310; Roberts, Victory at Stalingrad, 127.
22. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1153–58; Kehrig, “Die 6. Armee im Kessel von Stalingrad,” 99–102, and Stalingrad, 408–10; Beevor, Stalingrad, 293, 299–310; Zeitzler, “Stalingrad,” 155; Hayward, Stopped at Stalingrad, 275–76.
23. Müller, “ ‘Was wir an Hunger ausstehen müssen,’” 131–33.
24. Ibid., 133–34; Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1090–95.
25. Müller, “ ‘Was wir an Hunger ausstehen müssen,’” 134–38; Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1151–53, 1158–59.
It was not unusual, however, for many of those supplies to be worthless: candy, contraceptives, herbs and spices, unusable engineering equipment, and propaganda leaflets. In all, between 24 November 1942 and 2 February 1943, the Luftwaffe delivered an average of 117.6 tons of supplies daily and evacuated some thirty thousand wounded soldiers, at a cost of almost five hundred aircraft (including a third of the Luftwaffe’s total complement of Ju-52 transports). For a detailed account of the effort to supply Stalingrad by air, see Hayward, Stopped at Stalingrad, 247–310.
26. Müller, “ ‘Was wir an Hunger ausstehen müssen,’” 138–45; Below, Als Hitlers Adjutant, 325; Letter from Panzer soldier, 19 December 1942, in Dollinger, ed., Kain, wo ist dein Bruder? 169; Letter from corporal, 31 January 1942, cited in Sauer, ed., Stalingrad—Feldpost, 32; Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1158–60; Beevor, Stalingrad, 311–30, 338–47; Hayward, Stopped at Stalingrad, 286–92.
27. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1161–62; Roberts, Victory at Stalingrad, 131; Beevor, Stalingrad, 352–64; Kehrig, “Die 6. Armee im Kessel von Stalingrad,” 105–7; Hayward, Stopped at Stalingrad, 290–96.
28. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1162–69; Beevor, Stalingrad, 364–80; Kehrig, “Die 6. Armee im Kessel von Stalingrad,” 107–9; Ziemke and Bauer, Moscow to Stalingrad, 499–500. For a good fictional account of the battle and the final agony based on interviews with survivors, see Plievier, Stalingrad.
29. Beevor, Stalingrad, 380–83, 387–96; Ziemke and Bauer, Moscow to Stalingrad, 501–2; Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1163–65; Roberts, Victory at Stalingrad, 133–34; Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 549–51; Hayward, Stopped at Stalingrad, 308–10.
30. Beevor, Stalingrad, 281, 398, 413–15, 439–40; Overmans, “Das andere Gesicht des Krieges,” 442, and Deutsche militärische Verluste, 277–78; Ziemke and Bauer, Moscow to Stalingrad, 501; Roberts, Victory at Stalingrad, 134–36; Mawdsley, Thunder in the East, 150; Glantz and House, When Titans Clashed, 142; Erickson, “Soviet War Losses,” 264. Total German and Axis (Rumanian, Hungarian, and Italian) casualties resulting from the Stalingrad campaign were probably in the vicinity of 1.25 million, while the comparable Soviet figures are estimated to be over 1.11 million.