26. Letters of Erwin Kolbenhoff, 10 August, 24 September 1943, and Albert Pretzel, 21 September 1943, in Latzel, Deutsche Soldaten, 155; Letter of Helmut Pabst, 10 September 1943, in Bähr and Bähr, eds., Kriegsbriefe, 259–60; Fritz, Frontsoldaten, 149–50; Letters of Hans-Jochen Bauer, 17 September 1943, and Hans Olte, 10 October 1943, in Latzel, Deutsche Soldaten, 74, 144; Wegner, “Die Aporie des Krieges,” 258–59.
27. Wegner, “Die Aporie des Krieges,” 259–60; Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, 171–72; Evans, The Third Reich at War, 491–92.
28. Wegner, “Die Aporie des Krieges,” 261–63; Rass, “Menschenmaterial,” 365–71, 379–83.
29. Wegner, “Die Aporie des Krieges,” 258–61, 264–69; Rass, “Menschenmaterial,” 375, 384–85; Gerlach, “Verbrechen deutscher Fronttruppen in Weißrußland,” 101–8. See also the letters of 17 September and 12 October 1943 by Hans-Jochen Bauer in Latzel, Deutsche Soldaten, 144.
30. Evans, The Third Reich at War, 492, 499; Letters of O’Gefr. A. G., 1 March 1942, Uffz. A. N., 15, 29 May 1943, and Uffz. O. D., 16 August 1944, in Manoschek, “Es gibt nur eines für das Judentum,” 52, 69, 74; Wegner, “Die Aporie des Krieges,” 230–31. See also Müller, “Nationalismus in der deutschen Kriegsgesellschaft,” 9–92.
31. Rass, “Menschenmaterial,” 63–204, esp. 192–204, and “Social Profile,” 694–705; Evans, The Third Reich at War, 496–97. On the importance of primary group loyalty, see Shils and Janowitz, “Cohesion and Disintegration in the Wehrmacht.”
32. Rass, “Menschenmaterial,” 63–204, esp. 88–134, and “Social Profile,” 716–21; Fritz, Frontsoldaten, 187–218, and “ ‘We are trying… to change the face of the world’”; Kühne, “Gruppenkohäsion und Kameradschaftsmythos in der Wehrmacht”; Evans, The Third Reich at War, 498–501. For a discussion of camaraderie, see Fritz, Frontsoldaten, 156–86. On a dissenting view of primary group stability, see Bartov, Hitler’s Army.
33. Wegner, “Die Aporie des Krieges,” 228–29; Förster, “Ideological Warfare in Germany,” 582–647; Evans, The Third Reich at War, 498–99; Fritz, Frontsoldaten, 199–202.
34. Wegner, “Die Aporie des Krieges,” 234–39; Evans, The Third Reich at War, 501–3; Fritz, Frontsoldaten, 91–97, 239–40, 251 n. 44, 252 n. 49, and Endkampf, 116–18; Messerschmidt and Wüllner, Die Wehrmachtjustiz im Dienste des Nationalsozialismus, 50, 63–89, 102–3, 132–68, 305–14.
35. Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, 172–74; Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 364.
36. Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, 172–74; Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 367–70.
37. Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, 184–85; Mawdsley, Thunder in the East, 277–78; Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 334–35, 364–67, 370–73.
38. Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 373–74, 379–83; Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, 174–81, 185.
39. Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 374–75; Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, 186–87; Guderian, Panzer Leader, 316–22.
40. Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 375–78, 385; Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, 187–89; Mawdsley, Thunder in the East, 274; Overmans, Deutsche militärische Verluste, 278.
41. Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 305–8; Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, 189–92.
42. Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 308–31; Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, 192–96, 205–7, 303–9; Hastings, Armageddon, 112–13.
43. Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 331–38, 420–22; Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, 207. Not until 5 April was the siege of Kovel finally broken.
44. Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 278–79; Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, 197. On the demotorization of the Wehrmacht, see Bartov, Hitler’s Army, 12–28.
45. Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, 198–205; Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 283–84.
46. Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, 213–16, 248–49; Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 284–85.
47. Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, 249–51; Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 284–88.
48. Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, 251–57; Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 288–89.
49. Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 289–91; Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, 255–58.
50. Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, 257–65; Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 291–93.
51. Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 282, 284–85, 290, 294–95; Glantz and House, When Titans Clashed, 297–98; Mawdsley, Thunder in the East, 274.
52. Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 385–86.
53. Ibid., 387–90; Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, 218–22; Manstein, Lost Victories, 493–96.
54. Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 390–93; Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, 222–26; Manstein, Lost Victories, 496–509.
55. Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 393–97; Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, 226–28; Glantz and House, When Titans Clashed, 186–87; Mawdsley, Thunder in the East, 277.
56. Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 397–400; Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, 228–31; Buchner, Ostfront, 16–18; Manstein, Lost Victories, 514–16. For the best, most comprehensive treatment of the battle of Cherkassy-Korsun in English, see Nash, Hell’s Gate, and “No Stalingrad.”
57. Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 400–402; Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, 228–29; Buchner, Ostfront, 16–18; Manstein, Lost Victories, 516.
58. Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 402–3, 405; Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, 231–32; Manstein, Lost Victories, 516.
59. Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 403–4, 406–8; Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, 232–33; Glantz and House, When Titans Clashed, 187–88; Mawdsley, Thunder in the East, 278–79; Nash, “No Stalingrad,” 126.
60. Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 408–16; Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, 234–37; Buchner, Ostfront, 35–37, 39–40; Nash, “No Stalingrad,” 129–31.
61. Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 416–19; Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, 237–38; Manstein, Lost Victories, 217; Nash, “No Stalingrad,” 73, 149–50.
62. Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 335–37, 419–24; Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, 244–47, 272–78; Manstein, Lost Victories, 520–23.