63. Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 424–31; Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, 277, 279–80, 288–89. Ziemke claims that only fifty-three men made it out of the pocket.
64. Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 432–34; Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, 273–76.
65. Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 432–34; Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, 277–79.
66. Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 434–38; Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, 276–80.
67. Manstein, Lost Victories, 530–38; Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 438–39.
68. Manstein, Lost Victories, 538–43; Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 439–40; Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, 280; Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 629–30.
69. Manstein, Lost Victories, 538–40, 542–44; Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 436, 440–44; Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, 280–82.
70. Manstein, Lost Victories, 544–48; Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 442–44, 448–49; Wegner, “Die Aporie des Krieges,” 221–25, and “Die Kriegführung des ‘als ob,’” 1171–73; TBJG, 31 March, 1, 5, 23 April, 18 May 1944; Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, 281–82, 286; Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 616–19, 629–30. At the same time, the names of the army groups were altered, to Army Group North Ukraine and Army Group South Ukraine, a change meant less to reflect reality, since Ukraine had already been lost, than to stiffen the morale of the troops by implying that these areas would be retaken.
71. Manstein, Lost Victories, 546–48; Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 444–45; Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, 282, 286, 288–91.
72. Klaus Schönherr, “Der Rückzug der Heeresgruppe A,” 451–90; Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 445–47; Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, 291–95; TBJG, 18 April 1944; Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 630–31.
73. Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, 309–11; Wegner, “Die Kriegführung des ‘als ob,’” 1165, 1171–73.
74. Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, 310; Wegner, “Die Kriegführung des ‘als ob,’” 1165–66; Frieser, “Der Zusammenbruch im Osten,” 499–500.
75. Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, 310–12; Wegner, “Die Kriegführung des ‘als ob,’” 1166–70. Wegner, using estimates from Foreign Armies East, notes that, on 1 July 1944, the Red Army disposed of 5,730,000 men on the Eastern Front, which meant that it had a surplus of troops (3,495,000) 1.5 times greater than the total number of German troops (2,235,000).
76. Wegner, “Die Kriegführung des ‘als ob,’” 1177–78; Frieser, “Der Zusammenbruch im Osten,” 493–97; Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 637–40; Steinert, Hitler’s War, 234–35, 240–41.
77. Frieser, “Der Zusammenbruch im Osten,” 493–96.
78. Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, 311–12; Wegner, “Die Kriegführung des ‘als ob,’” 1177–78; Frieser, “Der Zusammenbruch im Osten,” 495, 498; Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 632–40; TBJG, 6 June 1944; Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, 626–34; Weinberg, A World at Arms, 656–66, and “German Plans for Victory.”
79. Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, 311–12; Wegner, “Die Kriegführung des ‘als ob,’” 1174–75, 1177–79; Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 631, 633; Speer, Inside the Third Reich, 346; Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 449–50, and “Der Zusammenbruch im Osten,” 498–501.
9. Disintegration
1. Frieser, “Der Zusammenbruch im Osten,” 501–5.
2. Ibid., 501–5; Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, 313–14; Glantz and House, When Titans Clashed, 195–96.
3. Frieser, “Der Zusammenbruch im Osten,” 501–5; Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, 313–14; Baker, “Explaining Defeat,” 139–40; Mawdsley, Thunder in the East, 298–99.
4. Frieser, “Der Zusammenbruch im Osten,” 505–7, 536–37; Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, 316–18; Baker, “Explaining Defeat,” 133; Glantz and Orenstein, eds., Belorussia 1944, 7; Glantz and House, When Titans Clashed, 196–99.
5. Frieser, “Der Zusammenbruch im Osten,” 504–5; Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, 313–14; Baker, “Explaining Defeat,” 140–41.
6. Frieser, “Der Zusammenbruch im Osten,” 526–30; Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, 315; Baker, “Explaining Defeat,” 136–37; Niepold, Battle for White Russia, 56–64; Glantz and House, When Titans Clashed, 198.
7. Frieser, “Der Zusammenbruch im Osten,” 530–35, 593; Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, 315; Baker, “Explaining Defeat,” 136–38; Niepold, Battle for White Russia, 33–34, 44; Glantz and Orenstein, eds., Belorussia 1944, 41–42, 47–48, 55–64; Glantz and House, When Titans Clashed, 201–2.
8. Frieser, “Der Zusammenbruch im Osten,” 507–15; Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, 315–16.
9. Frieser, “Der Zusammenbruch im Osten,” 518–25; Baker, “Explaining Defeat,” 140–42.
10. Frieser, “Der Zusammenbruch im Osten,” 517–18; Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, 314–16; Baker, “Explaining Defeat,” 134–35.
11. Frieser, “Der Zusammenbruch im Osten,” 537–39; Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, 319–20; Glantz and House, When Titans Clashed, 201–5; Mawdsley, Thunder in the East, 299–300.
12. Frieser, “Der Zusammenbruch im Osten,” 539–43; Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, 320–21; Niepold, Battle for White Russia, 110, 146–47.
13. Frieser, “Der Zusammenbruch im Osten,” 545–46; Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, 320–21.
14. Frieser, “Der Zusammenbruch im Osten,” 546–48; Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, 321–22.
15. Frieser, “Der Zusammenbruch im Osten,” 543–45; Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, 321, 323; Glantz and House, When Titans Clashed, 206–7.
16. Frieser, “Der Zusammenbruch im Osten,” 548–49; Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, 324–25.
17. Frieser, “Der Zusammenbruch im Osten,” 550–52; Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, 324–25; Glantz and House, When Titans Clashed, 207.
18. Frieser, “Der Zusammenbruch im Osten,” 552–57; Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, 324–25; Glantz and House, When Titans Clashed, 207–8.
19. Frieser, “Der Zusammenbruch im Osten,” 556–60; Messerschmidt, “Die Wehrmacht,” 236; Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, 325–28, 336–39.
20. Frieser, “Der Zusammenbruch im Osten,” 556–63; Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, 335–36; Below, Als Hitlers Adjutant, 378–80; Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 649–51.
21. Frieser, “Der Zusammenbruch im Osten,” 563–72; Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, 337–39.