22. Frieser, “Der Zusammenbruch im Osten,” 565, 570–82.
23. Ibid., 582–87; Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, 341–42.
24. Frieser, “Der Zusammenbruch im Osten,” 585–87; Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, 340–42. For a recent account of the Warsaw Uprising, one that criticizes Stalin for deliberately allowing the Poles to be crushed, see Davies, Rising ’44.
25. Messerschmidt, “Die Wehrmacht,” 237–38.
26. Frieser, “Der Zusammenbruch im Osten,” 592–94, 601; Wegner, “Im Schatten der ‘Zweiten Front’?” 129–30; Overy, Why the Allies Won, 332; Glantz and House, When Titans Clashed, 215; Zetterling, “Loss Rates on the Eastern Front,” 900–902.
27. Frieser, “Der Zusammenbruch im Osten,” 594–95; Hubert Van Tuyll, “D-Day in the East,” 222–24; Glantz and House, When Titans Clashed, 150; Mawdsley, Thunder in the East, 306.
28. Frieser, “Der Zusammenbruch im Osten,” 586–87, 596–603; Glantz and House, When Titans Clashed, 214–15; Mawdsley, Thunder in the East, 307–8.
29. Overmans, Deutsche militärische Verluste, 238, 278; Boog, “The Strategic Air War,” 293, and “Die strategische Bomberoffensive”; Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, 649; Blank, “Wartime Daily Life,” 475–76.
30. Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 705; Longerich, “Joseph Goebbels,” 287–96.
31. “Führen wir einen totalen Krieg?” Das Reich, 2 July 1944; Longerich, “Joseph Goebbels,” 297–99; Beyer, “Pläne der faschistischen Führung zum totalen Krieg”; Speer, Inside the Third Reich, 396–97.
32. Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 707–8, 711–13; TBJG, 22 June 1944, 23–25 July 1944; Hancock, National Socialist Leadership, 127–38; Speer, Inside the Third Reich, 398–407; Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, 637–38; Müller, “Der Zusammenbruch des Wirtschaftslebens,” 75.
33. Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 712–15; Hancock, National Socialist Leadership, 152–58, and “Employment in Wartime”; Herbert, Fremdarbeiter, 270–73, and Hitler’s Foreign Workers, 359–64; Müller, “Der Zusammenbruch des Wirtschaftslebens,” 53, 69–71; Kunz, “Die Wehrmacht,” 13–17, 25–27.
34. Müller, “Der Zusammenbruch des Wirtschaftslebens,” 53, 74–84; Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, 627–39; Allen, The Business of Genocide, 232–39; Herbert, “Labour and Extermination,” 187–91. For a good short discussion of the various miracle weapons, see Evans, The Third Reich at War, 660–75.
35. Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, 627–39, 648–51; Boog, “The Strategic Air War in Europe,” 118; Müller, “Albert Speer und die deutsche Rüstungspolitik,” 432; Blank, “Wartime Daily Life,” 462–64; Mierzejewski, The Collapse of the German War Economy, 103–76; Overy, Why the Allies Won, 127–32, 331–32.
36. Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, 642–48; Aly, Hitler’s Beneficiaries, 110–17, 132–34; Müller, “Der Zusammenbruch des Wirtschaftslebens,” 60–62, and “Albert Speer und die deutsche Rüstungspolitik,” 476–77, 492–93.
37. Steinert, Hitler’s War, 262, 264–73; Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 698–705; Evans, The Third Reich at War, 702–4; Blank, “Wartime Daily Life,” 458–74.
38. Steinert, Hitler’s War, 273–86; Evans, The Third Reich at War, 675–78; Mam-mach, Der Volkssturm, 150; Seidler, Deutscher Volkssturm, 374; Kunz, “Die Wehrmacht,” 14–16, 26–27; Müller and Ueberschär, eds., Kriegsende 1945, 154–72; Fritz, “ ‘This is the way wars end,’” and Endkampf, 115–58. For the best account of the Volkssturm in English, see Yelton, Hitler’s Volkssturm.
39. Frieser, “Der Zusammenbruch im Osten,” 604–12.
40. Ibid., 612–19; Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 738; TBJG, 23–24 October 1944.
41. Frieser, “Der Zusammenbruch im Osten,” 619–22; Glantz, “The Failures of Historiography,” 803–5; Evans, The Third Reich at War, 562; Steinert, Hitler’s War, 287–90; Zeidler, “Die Rote Armee auf deutschem Boden.”
42. Frieser, “Der Zusammenbruch im Osten,” 623–28.
43. Ibid., 629–35, 666–67; Glantz and House, When Titans Clashed, 226–27.
44. Frieser, “Der Zusammenbruch im Osten,” 635–64, 670; Glantz and House, When Titans Clashed, 228–29; Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, 403–9.
45. Frieser, “Der Zusammenbruch im Osten,” 668–78; Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 747. See also Grier, Hitler, Dönitz, and the Baltic Sea, esp. chap. 7.
46. Glantz and House, When Titans Clashed, 216–17; Mawdsley, Thunder in the East, 338–41; Schönherr, “Die Rückzugskämpfe in Rumänien und Siebenbürgen,” 731–43; Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, 346–50.
47. Glantz and House, When Titans Clashed, 217–18; Mawdsley, Thunder in the East, 341–42; Schönherr, “Die Rückzugskämpfe in Rumänien und Siebenbürgen,” 743–46; Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, 349–50.
48. Glantz and House, When Titans Clashed, 218–21; Mawdsley, Thunder in the East, 342–43; Schönherr, “Die Rückzugskämpfe in Rumänien und Siebenbürgen,” 746–815; Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, 350–56.
49. Glantz and House, When Titans Clashed, 221–23; Mawdsley, Thunder in the East, 347–48; Ungvary, “Kriegsschauplatz Ungarn,” 849–83; Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, 359–64.
50. Glantz and House, When Titans Clashed, 224–25; Mawdsley, Thunder in the East, 348–49; Ungvary, “Kriegsschauplatz Ungarn,” 883–902; Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, 378–86.
51. Glantz and House, When Titans Clashed, 233–36; Mawdsley, Thunder in the East, 347–48; Ungvary, “Kriegsschauplatz Ungarn,” 902–43; Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, 359–64.
A possible explanation for Hitler’s obsession with counterattacking in Hungary might be found in a remark to Goebbels at the beginning of March: “The preconditions for entering discussions [for a separate peace] with one side or the other is that we have a military success. Stalin must first be dealt a blow [muß erst Federn lassen] before he will have anything to do with us” (TBJG, 5 March 1945; Lakowski, “Der Zusammenbruch der deutschen Verteidigung,” 524).
10. Death Throes
1. Lakowski, “Der Zusammenbruch der deutschen Verteidigung,” 491–93; Domarus, ed., Hitler: Reden und Proklamationen, 1:1312–17, 2:1935, 2162–67; Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 740, 753–55; Wegner, “Hitler und die Choreographie des Untergangs,” and “Die Choreographie des Untergangs,” 1192–1209; Mawdsley, Thunder in the East, 362.