Mozhaisk Line, 156
Mtsensk, 155, 160, 161
mud, 81, 89, 118–19, 143, 146, 149, 151, 152, 153, 157–59, 163–64, 185, 199, 213, 238, 380, 389–91, 393, 438
Müller, Heinrich, 178, 454
Munich, 2, 4, 14, 144, 218, 300, 340
Conference, 14
Hitler’s annual address, 179, 299, 307, 439
Murmansk, 238
Mussolini, Benito, 36, 46–49, 72, 232
Myshkova River, 315–16
Napoléon, 3, 54, 73, 77, 205, 216, 231, 327
Narew River, 429–30, 444
Nasyr line, 242, 244
National Socialist Leadership officers, 453
National Socialist People’s Welfare Organization (NSV), xvi, 137, 363
Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact, 9, 19, 25, 32, 36, 45, 50
Nebe, Arthur, 97
Neisse River, 448–49, 461, 464
Neman River, 86
Nemmersdorf, 430–31
“Nero Order” (March 1945), 457–58
neutrality, 32, 241
Neva River, 146
Nevel, 383–84
“New Order,” 12, 22, 105, 257, 414, 476–77, 483
New York, 15
Nezhin, 371
Night of Broken Glass (November 1938). See Kristallnacht
Nikopol, 371, 379, 387–88, 390
Nisko, 21, 477,
NKVD, 157, 269
Normandy, 337, 367, 400, 402, 413, 421–22, 427, 469, 486
North Africa, 39, 44, 71, 197, 247, 281, 299–301, 307, 313, 325, 336, 341, 469, 484
North Sea, 79
Norway, 268, 337
“Not one step back” decree (Stalin Order No. 227), 273
Novgorod, 142, 146, 385
Novorossiysk, 278
Novosokolniki, 383
Nuremberg, 446
nutrition, 166–67, 171–73, 297. See also malnutrition
Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW), xvi
assessments of German strength, 116, 182, 237, 384, 399
attitude toward communism, 66, 68, 97, 168–69
attitude toward Jews, 66, 68, 97, 168–69
and Barbarossa, 58, 66, 116, 125–26, 128, 132–33, 143, 162–63
and Battle of Moscow, 151, 162–63
and Citadel, 339, 342, 350
and defense of Berlin, 458–59, 464
and France, 27, 406
and Hitler, 132, 162–63, 264, 280, 342, 350
logistics, 150–51, 169
and Mediterranean strategy, 45, 487
and Nazi ideology, 68, 168, 376, 480
and occupation policy, 66, 68, 97
Operations Branch, 445
and raw materials, 58, 169
rivalry with OKH, 264, 342, 366–68, 399–400
and Soviet prisoner policy, 168–69
and Stalingrad, 276, 280
strategy, 162–63, 336–37, 379, 399–400, 406, 458–59
Oberkommando des Heeres (OKH), xvi
assessments of German strength, 114–16, 142, 151–52, 169, 209, 234, 236, 262, 353, 367, 522n85
and Bagration, 405–12, 415, 418, 429
and Barbarossa, 52–54, 84, 112–13, 121, 123, 125, 128, 148, 151, 156, 158, 163–65
and Battle for Moscow, 162, 183–84, 187–88, 192, 199
and Blau, 231, 233, 263, 267, 269–70, 275
and Citadel, 342–43, 351
cooperation with Einsatzgruppen, 101
and defense of Berlin, 460, 464
and Hitler, 27, 112–13, 121, 128, 148, 206, 209, 245, 262–64, 275, 280, 312, 368, 399, 445, 460
and hunger policy, 172–73
logistics, 158, 162, 169–70
Military Geography Branch, 59
and Nazi ideology, 480
and retreat to Dnieper, 353, 368–69
rivalry with OKW, 342, 366–68, 399–400
and Soviet counterattack (Moscow), 201–2, 209
and Soviet winter offensive (1944–1945), 434
and Stalingrad, 284, 306, 315–16
and Vistula-Oder offensive, 441–42, 445
and Zossen, 464
Obersalzberg, 10. See also Berghof
Oder River, 438, 441, 445–48, 457–60, 464–65
Odessa, 141, 144, 163, 219, 392, 398
oil
Caucasus, 53, 59, 83, 89, 91, 106, 126, 129, 132, 165, 182, 190, 231, 238, 262–63, 268, 271–77, 279–80, 282–83, 296, 300–301, 313, 322, 326
Hungarian, 436, 456
importance of, xxii–xxiii, 28, 41, 46–47, 49, 53, 55, 60–62, 91, 127, 133, 141, 165, 169, 226, 234–36, 239, 264, 270–71, 322, 326, 402, 406, 427, 475, 528n62, 534n71
Middle Eastern, 46, 233
Rumanian, 37, 39, 47, 49, 83–84, 132, 169, 241, 245, 379, 392, 406, 427, 434–36
shortages, 53, 82–84, 141–42, 169, 402, 475 (see also German army)
synthetic, 401–2, 436
Oka River, 208
OKH. See Oberkommando des Heeres
Okuniew, 419
OKW. See Oberkommando der Wehrmacht
Olkovatka, 345
Operational Directives (German), 44, 68, 94, 111–12, 141–42, 148, 152, 156, 162–63, 165, 172, 206, 279–80, 310, 333, 367, 445
No. 2, 316
No. 5, 338
No. 6, 339
No. 16, 34
No. 18, 49
No. 21, 51, 66
No. 32, 90
No. 33, 125–28
No. 34, 128, 131
No. 35, 147
No. 41, 231–32, 262–63
No. 45, 271, 284
No. 51, 366–67, 396, 402
See also Führer Orders
Oranienburg, 260. See also concentration camps
Oratov, 389
Order Police, 70–71, 173
Ordzhonikidze, 282
Orel, 154–55, 203, 338, 340, 343, 345–46, 348, 350–51, 353–56, 372
Orsha, 100, 123, 182, 381–82, 409, 412, 414–15
Ossetian Military Road, 282
Ostarbeiter. See forced labor
Ostbahn, 340
Ostheer (Eastern Army), xvi, 56, 60, 94, 116, 121, 149–51, 159–61, 164, 182, 185, 187, 192–93, 197, 204, 209, 215–16, 218, 221, 226, 235–39, 262, 292, 317, 324, 328–29, 336–37, 343, 367, 383, 400, 402–3, 408–9, 417, 421, 423, 440, 443, 470, 481–82, 485–86, 522n85. See also German army
Ostwall, 364–66, 377
Pacific Ocean, 42, 194–95, 197
Palestine, 13
panje wagons, xvi, 119, 162, 213, 395
Panther position, xvi, 366, 368, 371, 381, 387
Panther tank. See German army: tanks
Panzer Armies. See Armies (German)
Panzerfaust, xvi, 432, 459, 463
Paris, 3, 14, 29, 82, 133, 183
partisans (Soviet), 81, 86, 98, 101–2, 104, 108, 111, 149, 160, 180, 198, 212, 297, 333, 340, 354, 378, 381, 385, 400, 409, 412, 415–16, 447, 482
Patton, George S. (General), 468
Paulus, Friedrich (Field Marshal)
and Barbarossa, 53, 128
and Blau, 250, 265
on breakout from Stalingrad, 311–12, 315
and Hitler, 280, 320–21
and Stalingrad, 272, 277, 283–89, 292–99, 301, 304, 308–12, 315, 319–21
and surrender, 319–21
Pearl Harbor, 179, 193, 484
Peipus, Lake, 128, 384, 386
Persia, 238, 271–72
Persian Gulf, 48–49
Petain, Henri-Philippe, 47–48
Phony War (Sitzkrieg), 27, 71
Piatigorsk, 275
Pilsen, 469
Pitomnik, 289, 320
Ploesti, 434–36
pogroms, 15, 94–95. See also Kristallnacht
Pohl, Oswald, 260
Poland
Final Solution in, 95–96, 176–77, 180–81, 219, 223, 225–26, 237, 254, 257, 361
forced labor, 221, 223
General Government, 65, 73, 225–26
German anti-Jewish actions in, 20–24, 65–66, 69, 73, 92, 94–96, 176–77
German invasion, 9–10, 25–26, 439, 473
German racial policy in, 18–21, 23–24, 60, 92, 139, 254, 256, 476
Home Army, 419
Jews in, 259, 479
Soviet actions in, 26, 36, 447–48, 452
as staging area for Barbarossa, 36, 89, 150