morale in, 307
at Stalingrad, 288–89, 292, 306–9, 314–15, 321, 539n30
and Germany, 44, 234, 236, 306, 362, 435
German military intervention in, 49
oil, 37, 39, 41, 47, 49, 83–84, 132, 169, 241, 245, 272, 277, 379, 392, 406, 427
relations with Hungary, 49, 436
Soviet pressure on, 32, 36, 41, 49–50
surrender, 436
Rundstedt, Gerd von (Field Marshal), 89, 140–41, 143, 145, 164–65, 170
Russia. See Soviet Union
Rybinsk, 182
Rynok, 286
Rzhev, 161, 167–68, 210–11, 213–14, 303–4
Sachsenhausen, 260. See also concentration camps
Salsk, 275
Sandomierz, 442–43
Sapun Heights, 246
Saratov, 282
Saturn, Operation, xvi, 304, 316
Sauckel, Fritz, 178, 220–23, 226, 257, 259, 327–28, 332, 481
Sauer, Karl Otto, 426
Saxony, 465, 468
Schirwindt, 430
Schlieffen Plan, 74
Schmidt, Paul, 8–9
Schmidt, Rudolf (General), 147, 208, 313
Schmundt, Rudolf (General), 36, 203–4, 281, 396
Schörner, Ferdinand (General), 397, 432–34, 445, 447
Schubert, Helmut, 256
Schwerin von Krosigk, Lutz. See Krosigk, Lutz Schwerin von
Schwerpunkt, xvii, 28, 53, 56, 84, 125, 243, 252, 276, 344, 381, 387, 407–8, 410, 412, 429, 461, 486
scorched-earth policy (German), 206, 372, 374, 455, 457
SD (Sicherheitsdienst [Security Service]), xvii, 13, 70, 103, 107–9, 135–36, 171, 178, 325, 331, 359, 428, 431, 449, 479
SD2 fragmentation bombs (devil’s eggs), 243–44
Sea Lion, Operation, 38
Sea of Azov, 323, 365, 370
second front, 234–35, 268, 277, 299, 325, 337–39, 342, 366, 399–400, 475
security troops (German), 333
security troops (Soviet), 269
Seelow, 463–64
Seelow Heights, 459, 462
Sejm River, 144, 154
Serafimovich, 285
Serock bridgehead, 444
Sevastopol, 164, 241, 245–47, 264, 268, 291, 398
Severnaya Bay, 246
Seydlitz-Kurzbach, Walter von (General), 213, 301, 312
Shaposhnikov, Boris (Marshal), 248–49
Shirer, William L., 1, 34, 40
Shlisselburg, 146
shortages. See German army: logistic problems; Red Army: logistics
Siberia, 62, 108, 115, 162, 174, 186, 200, 256, 327
Sicily, 350–52, 469
Sickle Cut, Operation (Sichelschnitt), 27–28, 54, 433
Siemens, 260
Silesia, 38–39, 260, 429, 441, 444–45, 447–49, 456, 460
Simonov, Konstantin, 274, 467
Sinelnikovo, 370
slave labor (German). See forced labor
Slavs
Nazi racial policy toward, 62, 93, 178, 225, 256, 259, 506n64
viewed as subhuman, 7, 18, 44, 69–70, 91, 106, 170, 254, 476
See also forced labor; Generalplan Ost; hunger policy; Lebensraum
Slovenia, 256
Slutsk, 86
Smolensk, 86–88, 113, 120–30, 133, 140, 149, 152, 200, 207, 219, 326, 360, 368–69, 450, 476, 484
Sobibor, 177, 181, 253, 361. See also concentration camps
social Darwinism. See Hitler
Sodenstern, George von (General), 143, 184
Somme, Battle of, 420
Sonnenwende, Operation, 448
Soviet Union
armaments production, 12, 41, 59, 81–82, 115
civilians: evacuated by Germans, 369, 372–74 (see also forced labor); German use of forced labor (see forced labor); Soviet use of to build fortifications, 157, 186
climate (see mud; rasputitsa; weather)
economic importance to Germany, 40–41, 58–62, 82–83, 127
foreign policy of (see Stalin)
German atrocities in (see Einsatzgruppen; Final Solution; Generalplan Ost; German army; Germany: occupation policy; hunger policy; Jews)
German invasion of (see Barbarossa)
German racial policies in (see Final Solution; Generalplan Ost; Germany: occupation policy; hunger policy; Lebensraum)
German treatment of civilians (see Generalplan Ost; Germany: occupation policy; hunger policy)
German transportation difficulties in (see German army: logistics; mud; rasputitsa; weather)
Hitler’s plans for “living space” (see Generalplan Ost; Lebensraum)
Hitler’s views of (see Bolshevism; Hitler)
and hunger policy (see hunger policy)
impact of war on, xxii, 94, 214, 230, 238, 305, 333–34, 369–71, 471, 481
and Lend-Lease, 184, 230, 305, 471, 535n78
manganese mines, 371, 379
NKVD (secret police), 157, 269
Non-Aggression Pact with Germany, 9, 19, 25, 32, 36, 45, 50
oil in (see oil)
partisan war (see German army; partisans)
prisoners of war (see Red Army: prisoners of war)
relocation of industry, 115
and resettlement of Volga Germans, 174
Russian nationalism, 273–75
and Soviet patriotism, 273–75
State Defense Committee, 156–57
tank production, 90, 115, 189–90, 230, 238, 305, 367
use of Germans as forced labor, 451
and Western allies (see Stalin)
See also Red Army; Stalin; Stavka
Spain, 38, 44, 46–48
Speer, Albert
and aircraft industry, 334–35, 401–2, 426
and Allied bombing of Germany, 330–31, 363, 402
and armaments production, 228–30, 239, 260, 328, 366, 401–2, 421, 426–27, 440, 459, 472
and cooperation with Himmler, 331, 334–35
and establishment of “rings,” 229
and Final Solution, 219
and forced labor, 334–36
and Hitler, 3, 228, 268, 279, 399, 424, 434, 527n45
physical breakdown, 336
plans for preservation of post-war economy, 455–56
at Posen (October 1943), 335
and rationalization of war economy, 228–30, 239, 260, 328
and scorched earth (Germany), 456–57
and self-responsibility concept, 229
succeeds Todt, 228
and total war mobilization, 328–30, 334–36, 423–26
and war, 233
Zentrale Planung, 229
Spree River, 461, 464
Spring Awakening, Operation, 438
SS (Schutzstaffel)
Central Resettlement Office, 255
clashes with Hans Frank, 19, 21, 65, 73, 180, 258–59
Economic and Administrative Main Office (WVHA), 260–61
economic empire, 65, 259–61, 334–35, 364, 426
Waffen-SS, 103, 384, 399 (see also Armies; Corps; Divisions)
See also Einsatzgruppen; Final Solution; Generalplan Ost; Heydrich; Himmler; hunger policy
“Stab in the back” myth (Dolchstoss), 69, 474, 480, 487
Stahlecker, Franz Walter, 94, 97, 111
Stalin, Joseph
and Bagration, 406–8, 418
and Barbarossa, 84–86, 89, 124, 140, 508n17
and battle for Kiev, 140–45
and Berlin offensive, 458, 460–66, 468–69
and Blau, 264–66, 273, 276
and counterattack at Moscow, 200, 207, 210–12, 214
and defense of Moscow, 148, 156–58, 186–87, 200
deportation of Volga Germans, 174
fear of Allied-German separate peace, 458, 466, 468
foreign policy, 29, 32, 37–38, 40–41, 45, 48–49, 73, 475
and the Hess affair, 79