124 Leao, A.A.P, “Spreading Depression of Activity in the Cerebral Cortex,” Journal of Neurophysiology 7 (1944): 359-390; Leao, A.A.P, and R.S. Morrison, “Propagation of Spreading Cortical Depression,” of Neurophysiology 8 (1945): 33-45.
125 Woods, R.P, M. Iacoboni, and J.C. Mazziotta, “Brief Report: Bilateral Spreading Cerebral Hypoperfusion During Spontaneous Migraine Headache,” New England Journal of Medicine 331 (1994): 1689-1692.
126 Mukamel, R., H. Gelbard, A. Arieli, et al., “Coupling Between Neuronal Firing, Field Potential, and fMRI in Human Auditory Cortex,” Science 309 (2005): 951-954.
127 Gross, C.G., “Genealogy of the Grandmother Cell,” Neuroscientist 8 (2002): 512-518.
128 Gallese, V., L., Fadiga, L. Fogassi, et ah, “Action Recognition in the Premotor Cortex,” 119 (Pt 2) (1996): 593-609.
129 Quiroga, R.Q., L. Reddy, G. Kreiman, et al., “Invariant Visual Representation by Single Neurons in the Human Brain,” Nature 435 (2005): 1102-1107.
130 Одно из возможных объяснений состоит в том, что «клетка Дженнифер Энистон» кодирует не актрису Дженнифер Энистон, а Рэйчел, которую она играет в сериале «Друзья». Может быть, именно поэтому клетка не отреагировала на фотографию Энистон с Брэдом Питтом. Спасибо Келси Лэрд за это соображение.
131 Ekstrom, A.D., M.J. Kahana, J.B. Caplan, et al., “Cellular Networks Underlying Human Spatial Navigation,” Nature 425 (2003): 184-188; Kreiman, G., C. Koch, and I. Fried, “Imagery Neurons in the Human Brain,” Nature 408 (2000): 357-361.
132 Dijksterhuis, A., “Why We Are Social Animals: The High Road to Imitationas Social Glue, ” in Hurley and Chafer, Perspectives on Imitation, Volume 2, 207-220.
133 Mukamel, R., A.D. Ekstrom, J. Kaplan, et al., “Mirror Neurons of Single Cells in Human Medial Frontal Cortex,” Program No. 127.4 2007 Abstract Viewer, CD-ROM, Society for Neuroscience meeting, San Diego, CA.
Плохой, злой: насилие и наркомания
134 Первые два раздела этой главы основаны на моем ответе на «всемирный вопрос» сетевого журнала Edge (www.edge. org) в 2006 году. Ответ был напечатан в книге J. Brockman, What Is Your Dangerous Idea?: Today’s Leading Thinkers on the Unthinkable (London: Simon & Schuster, 2006), 71-74.
135 Brison, S., “Imitating Violence,” in Hurley and Chater, Perspectives on Imitation, Volume 2, 202-204; Eldridge, J., “What Effects Does the Treatment of Violence in the Mass Media Have on People’s Conduct? A Controversy Reconsidered,” in Hurley and Chater, Perspectives on Imitation, Volume 2, 243-255.
136 Bandura, A., Social Learning Theory (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1977); Geen, R., and S. Thomas, “The Immediate Effects of Media Violence on Behaviour,” Journal of Social Issues 42 (1986): 7-28; Paik, H., and G. Comstock, “The Effects of Television Violence on Antisocial Behavior: A Meta-analysis,” Communication Research 21 (1994): 516-546; Bushman, B., and L. Huesmann, “Effects of Television Violence on Aggression,” in D. Singer and J. Singer, eds., Handbook of Children and the Media (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2001), 223-254.
137 Kostinsky, S., E.O. Bixler, and PA. Kettl, “Threats of School Violence in Pennsylvania After Media Coverage of the Columbine High School Massacre: Examining the Role of Imitation,” Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine 155 (2001): 994-1001; Huesmann, L. and L. Eron, “Television and the Aggressive Child: A Cross-national Comparison,” (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1986); Milavsky, J., R. Kessler, Stipp, et ah, Television and Aggression: A Panel Study (New York: Academic Press, 1982).
138 Huesmann, L.R.,“Imitation and the Effects of Observing Media Violence on Behavior,” in Hurley and Chater, Perspectives on Imitation, Volume 2, 257-266.
139 Comstock, G., “Media Violence and Aggression, Properly Considered,” in Hurley and Chater, Perspectives on Imitation, Volume 2, 371-380.
140 Hurley, S., “Imitation, Media Violence, and Freedom of Speech,” Philosophical Studies 117 (2004): 165—218; Brison, S., “Imitating Violence,” in Hurley and Chater, Perspectives on Imitation, Volume 2, 202-204.
141 Marcus, S., Neuroethics: Mapping the Field (New York: Dana Press, 2002); Gazzaniga, M.S., The Ethical Brain (New York: Dana Press, 2005).
142 Maisto, S.A., and G.J. Connors, “Relapse in the Addictive Behaviors: Integration and Future Directions,” Clinical Psychology Review 26 (2006): 229-231; Gordon, S.M., R. Sterling, C. Siatkowski, et al., “Inpatient Desire to Drink as a Predictor of Relapse to Alcohol Use Following Treatment,” American Journal of Addiction 15 (2006): 242- 245; Shiftman, S., J.A. Paty, M. Gnys, et ah, “First Lapses to Smoking: Within-Subjects Analysis of Real-time Reports,” Journal of Consulting in Clinical Psychology 64 (1996): 366-379; Harakeh, Z., R.C. Engels, R.B. Van Baaren, et al., “Imitation of Cigarette Smoking: An Experimental Study on Smoking in a Naturalistic Setting,” Drug and Alcohol Dependence 86 (2007): 199-206.
143 Calvo-Merino, B., D.E. Glaser, J. Grezes, et al., “Action Observation and Acquired Motor Skills: An fMRI Study with Expert Dancers,” Cerebral Cortex 15 (2005): 1243-1249; Calvo-Merino, B., J. Grezes, D.E. Glaser et al., “Seeing or Doing? Influence of Visual and-Motor Familiarity in Action Observation,” Current Biology 16 (2006): 1905-1210; Shiraishi, T, H. Saito, H. Ito, et al., “Observation and Imitation of Nursing Actions: ANIRS Study with Experts and Novices,” Student Health and Technology Information 122 (2006): 820-821.
Зеркала желаний и предпочтений
144 Хороший обзор этих исследований содержится в статье: Schooler, J.W., “Re-representing Consciousness: Dissociations Between Experience and Meta-consciousness,” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 6 (2002): 339-344.
145 Johansson, R, L. Hall, S. Sikstrom, et ah, “Failure to Detect Mismatches Between Intention and Outcome in a Simple Decision Task,” Science 310 (2005): 116-119.
146 Schultz, W., P. Dayan, and PR. Montague, “A Neural Substrate of Prediction and Reward,” Science 275 (1997): 1593-1599; Montague, PR., B. King-Casas, and J.D. Cohen, “Imaging Valuation Models in Human Choice,” Annual Review of Neuroscience 29 (2006): 417-448.
147 McClure, S.M., J. Li, D. Tomlin, et al., “Neural Correlates of Behavioral Preference for Culturally Familiar Drinks,” Neuron 44 (2004): 379-387.
Нейрополитика
148 Converse, P, “The Nature of Belief Systems in Mass Publics,” in D. Apter, ed., Ideology and Discontent (New York: Free Press, 1964), 206-261; Achen, C., “Mass Political Attitudes and the Survey Response,” American Political Science Review 69 (1975): 1218-1231; Zaller, J.R., and S. Feldman, “A Simple Theory of the Survey Response: Answering Questions versus Revealing Preferences,” American Journal of Political Science 36 (1992): 579-616.
149 Raichle, М.Е., J.A. Fiez, T.O. Videen, et al., “Practice-Related Changes in Human Brain Functional Anatomy During Nonmotor Beaming,” Cerebral Cortex 4 (1994): 8-26.
150 Carr, F., M. Iacoboni, M.C. Dubeau, etal., “Neural Mechanisms of Empathy in Humans: A Relay from Neural Systems for Imitation to Fimbic Areas,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 100 (2003): 5497-5502.