teachings of, 41–45, 46
transfiguration of, 84, 96
trial of, 31
youth of, 23, 245
see also Christ
Jesus, birth of:
Christian belief about, xv, xviii, 72
in gospels, 72, 73
Jesus, death of, 1, 30, 74, 252, 262
Christian belief about, xviii, 24
Paul’s view of, 112
see also Jesus, burial of; Jesus, empty tomb of; Jesus, resurrection of
Jesus, resurrection of:
Christian belief about, xv, xviii, 24, 67, 72
gospel accounts of, 12, 70, 72–73, 74, 86–87, 89, 255
in Gospel of Peter, 82
historical explanation of, 49, 69–71, 74, 80
historical parallels with, 66
Jesus movement’s view of, 12, 47, 69, 74, 78, 81, 83, 89, 262
nonsupernatural explanations for, 70
Paul’s testimony about, 49, 63–64, 71, 81, 84, 87–88
Paul’s understanding of, 11–12, 47, 59–63, 64, 65, 69, 70, 81, 88, 114–15, 120–21, 158
and Q source, 73
theological shift about, 86–87, 88
see also Christ; Jesus, empty tomb of; Jesus, sightings of; resurrection
Jesus, the Final Days (Evans and Wright), 251
Jesus Dynasty, The (Tabor), 80, 242
Jesus movement:
alternative name for, 246
apocalyptic nature of, 25, 40–41, 43, 46, 136, 157, 160, 209, 247
apostleship in, 217
council of Seventy in, 36, 224
demise of, 222–26
general beliefs of, 223
historical reconstruction of, 9
James’ leadership of, 19, 23, 27, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34–37, 151, 209, 214, 225, 247
Judaism in, 6, 25, 28, 40–41, 43, 151, 175, 176, 184, 209, 212, 213–14, 223, 224
marginalization of, 7, 8, 9, 24, 31–32, 156, 222
Paul’s break with, 175, 178, 180, 202, 210–22
Paul’s independence from, 2, 6, 9, 19–20, 33–34, 101, 129, 210
Paul’s introduction to, 215
Paul’s persecution of, 10, 17, 230, 232, 235
and resurrection, 12, 47, 58–59, 69, 74, 78, 81, 83, 89, 262
sacred meals in, 14
tiered leadership of, 35–36, 209
see also apostles; Christianity, before Paul
Jesus Quest, 264
Jews:
apostles’ mission to, 102
dispersion of, 40, 179, 180
as Paul’s enemies, 8, 234
Paul’s opinions about, 97, 98–99, 101, 104–5, 207, 262
Paul’s preaching to, 184–85, 212, 213
Peter’s mission to, 4
second century martyrdom of, 57
worldview of, 179, 261
see also Judaism
Jezebel, 97
Job, 250
3:11–19, 53
14:10–12, 54
19:23–27, 57
Joel, 2:32, 43
John, 23, 208
in Jesus movement, 19, 27, 32, 35, 209, 245
as John the Baptizer’s disciple, 136
Judaism of, 25
Luke’s emphasis on, 32
Paul’s relationship to, 3, 19, 49, 212
at transfiguration, 96
John, gospel of:
1:1, 134
1:14, 134
1:35–41, 209
1:35–42, 136
1:42, 208
1:44, 208
2:12, 208
3:22, 136
6:52–56, 15
6:62, 90
11:43–44, 56
13:1, 252
18:28, 252
19:14, 252
19:41–42, 76
19:41, 80, 251
20:1–10, 79
20:1, 76
20:2, 79
20:11–18, 81
20:15, 251
20:19, 75
21:18–19, 262
21, 74, 83, 85, 86
chronology of, 74, 248, 249
empty tomb story in, 78–80, 86, 88
Jesus’ burial in, 75, 76, 80, 252
Jesus sightings in, 74, 78, 79, 81, 83, 85, 86, 88, 252
Last Supper in, 14–15, 147, 252
Logos concept in, 134
Paul’s influence on, 12, 15, 38–39
resurrection account in, 12, 89, 90
John, letters of, 68, 265
John of Gischala, 233, 243, 265
John the Baptizer, 14, 25, 64–65, 135, 136–37, 139, 209, 217
Jonah, 2:2–6, 250
Joseph, 26
Joseph of Arimathea, 75, 76–77, 80, 252
Josephus, 5, 37, 52, 58, 59, 64, 66, 75, 97, 136, 243, 245, 246, 264, 265
Joses, 247
Judaism:
apocalyptic movements in, 14, 65–66, 95, 157, 158, 209, 256
atonement in, 43
burial traditions in, 74–75, 76–77
Christianity’s split from, xviii, 5, 6, 7, 8, 24, 31, 176–78, 182, 222, 261
covenant of, 179, 180–81
demonic forces in, 112
dietary laws in, 151, 187, 188, 214
ethical expectations of, 185, 186, 187
flourishing of, 184
foundation of, 92, 96
Gentile conversions to, 33, 176, 177–78, 180, 181, 199–200, 210, 211, 214–15, 219, 261
Jesus’ adherence to, 5, 15, 31, 43, 97, 149, 150, 151, 176, 184, 212
in Jesus movement, 6, 25, 28, 40–41, 43, 151, 175, 176, 184, 209, 212, 213–14, 223, 224
judgment in, 95, 179–80
kingdom of God in, 13, 99, 122–23, 158
messianic beliefs in, 5, 14, 31, 65–67, 99, 101–2, 117, 122–23, 149, 150, 158, 202, 243
mysticism in, 93–94
Paul’s abandonment of, 6, 16–17, 19–20, 33–34, 99, 107, 129, 175, 178, 179–84, 192, 202, 220–21, 223
Paul’s practice of, 10, 176, 181, 230, 232, 235, 244
prayer in, 142, 182
resurrection in, 50, 52–55, 56–58, 59, 60, 65, 66–67, 249–50
in Roman Empire, 31, 156, 184, 207, 222–23, 233, 247, 254
sacred meals in, 14, 15
self-definition of, 180–81
sexuality in, 161, 162, 170, 187, 188
tenets of, 179, 181
Torah’s importance in, 96–97, 179, 180, 184, 215, 223
variations of, 28, 58, 134, 179, 246
water purification rituals in, 14, 136, 142, 257, 261
see also Jews
Judas Iscariot, 32, 217, 253
Judas the Galilean, 243
Jude, 46, 68, 264
6, 259
Judea, Jewish revolts in, 222, 247, 249
Judges, 13:20, 257
judgment:
cosmic family and, 14, 125, 126, 127
Jewish views on, 95, 179–80
John the Baptizer’s expectation of, 136
Paul’s understanding of, 13, 14, 16, 125, 126, 127, 187, 192
see also kingdom of God
justification, see sin, forgiveness of
Justin, 154–55
Kerygmata Petrou, 224
kingdom of God, 12, 122–29
glorification in, 125–27
Hebrew view of, 13, 99, 122–23, 158, 180
Jesus movement’s expectation of, 25, 40–41, 43, 46, 157
John the Baptizer’s expectation of, 136
Paul’s view of, 13–14, 15–16, 115, 122, 123–29, 157–58, 160–61, 165, 169, 180, 202
sexuality in, 160–61, 165
see also judgment
1 Kings:
17:17–22, 55
19, 98
19:1–18, 92
2 Kings:
2:11–12, 94, 249
4:32–37, 55
Knohl, Israel, 66, 251
Last Supper, 14–15, 63, 144–51, 252, 258–59
historical likelihood of, 147–51
see also Eucharist
Lazarus, 55–56
Levites, 215
Leviticus:
14:8–9, 257
15:1–33, 257
19:13, 257
23:9–10, 256
Lietzmann, Hans, 258
Life of Apollonius, 253
Logos, 134
Lucian, 88
Lucina, 242
Lüdemann, Gerd, 251
Luke, gospel of:
2:41–52, 245