Lummus, 27
machinery, 202
MAD. See Mutually Assured Destruction
mafia
banks controlled by, 109
FBI and, 147
Federov and, 141
St. Petersburg, 192–94
Washington, 192, 194
Magna, 204
Maiko oil fields, 22
Makarov, Igor, 104, 146, 147, 177, 227
manufacturing, 12–15, 202
MAR. See Mutually Assured Restraint
Marathon Oil, 227
Marinsky Opera of St. Petersburg, 93
Maritime Provinces of Russian Far East, 198–99
Mattei, Enrico, 45–46, 227
Matvenyeko, Valentina, 196, 208, 227
Media-Most, 102, 103, 226
Medvedev, Alexander, 3, 143, 163, 169, 227
Medvedev, Dmitry, 227
on Baku, 22
as FOP, 192, 193
Gazprom and, 104, 140, 141, 143, 202, 227
as Putin’s nominee for president, 201–2
Menatep (cooperative), 106
Menatep Bank, 230
Khodorkovsky and, 64, 76, 106–9, 227, 230
Yukos and, 106–9, 227
Merkel, Angela, 159, 204
Mexico, 21
Middle East, dependence on, 3, 46–47, 81–82, 126, 136–37, 157
military, Russian, 13, 14, 15, 97, 207
Miller, Alexei, 104, 140–42, 143, 146, 169, 190–91, 200, 227
Miller (company), petroleum reserve data and, 87
“Mineral’no-syr’evye resursy v strategi razvitiia Rossiiskoi ekonomiki,” 97
Ministry of Foreign Trade, 28
Ministry of Fuel and Energy, 61
Ministry of the Chemical Industry, 42
Ministry of the Gas Industry, 2, 3
privatization and, 59–61
production, planning and, 42
Ministry of the Petroleum Industry, 3
industry breakup and, 61, 62f–63f
production, planning and, 42
Misamore, Bruce, 110, 118, 227
Mitsubishi, 72, 128, 130
Mitsui, 72, 128, 130
Mittal, 203
Mobil, 3, 125. See also Exxon-Mobil
Mogilevich, Semion, 148, 228
MOL (Hungarian natural gas utility), 230
Moldova, 49, 150, 152, 153, 168
“moral infrastructure,” 190
Morse, Edward, 89
Moskovy, 17
Most Bank, 226
Mulva, James, 85
Mussolini, Benito, 28, 31
Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD), 15, 178, 207
Mutually Assured Restraint (MAR), 15, 178–80
NABUCCO (pipeline), 161, 230
Hungary, Austria and, 9–10, 155–56
South Stream v., 230
Naftasib, 177
Naftogaz, 146, 152
Napoleon, 40
Naryshkin, Sergei, 192, 193
“national champions”
economic imperialism and, 172–74
Gaddy on, 98–99
Putin and, 15, 98–99, 100t, 101, 104, 105, 124–26, 128, 141, 172–73
nationalization. See also denationalization, of Baku; renationalization
of oil fields, 24–26, 45
third world and, 44
NATO countries
contracts with, 164
Putin on, 208
natural gas, 136–69. See also LNG; specific companies/countries
availability of Russian, 188, 189t
coal as substitute for, 178
controlling flow of, 1–3, 7–9, 15, 48–49, 82, 138, 145, 151–52, 156–58, 186, 205–6
costs of, 8–9
for electricity, 182
Europe’s reliance on, 166t, 167–69
flaring, 42–43, 131–33, 184, 186
intermediaries and, 145–49
MAR and, 178–80
market for petroleum v., 164–65
oil prices v., 164–65, 179
as petroleum byproduct, 183–84, 186
privatization and, 59–61
subsidies, 144, 151
transit fees and export duties on, 151, 159
transportation of, 82
to Western Europe, 2, 15, 48–49, 82, 92, 151–52, 153t, 154–60, 166t, 167–69
natural gas pipelines, 47–48, 82. See also Gazprom natural gas pipelines
Baltic Sea, 156–60, 161, 167
bypass/alternatives, 9, 149–52, 156–60, 181, 186
Caspian Sea, 156, 160–62, 221n73
map of government-proposed Far East, 9f
map of primary Russian, to Europe, 8f
poker game, 152–54
power out of, 136–39
preventing southern route, 154–56
Nazarbayev, Nursultan, 154, 228
Nazi-Soviet Pact, 29, 30
Neft Aktiv, 120
Neftesyndikate, 27–28
Nefteyugansk, 65, 230
NEGF. See North-European Gas Pipeline Company
NEGP (North European Gas Pipeline), 230
Nelson Resources, 204
Nenets Autonomous Region, 84–85, 133, 226
Nenets Oil Company, 133
NEP. See New Economic Policy
nepotism, 16, 158, 196t, 197
Netherlands, 12, 166, 167, 202
Nevzlin, Leonid, 108, 118, 228
New Economic Policy (NEP), 26
newspapers, 102, 141
NFK (Neftyanaia Finansovaia Kompaniia), 65
Nigeria, 13, 181
Niyazov, Saparmurat, 146, 228
Nobel, Ludwig, 19–20, 228
Nobel, Robert, 228
competition for markets and, 18–20
Standard Oil and, 25
Noga, 120, 205–6
nomenclatura, 100, 101, 105
Nord Stream (Russian-German pipeline), 230
Gasunie as partner in, 229
Gazprom and, 157–59, 167, 230
Schroeder and, 157–59, 176–77, 228
Warnig and, 158–59, 229
Norex (Canadian oil development company), 230
NOREX Petroleum of Canada, 69
Norilsk Nickel, 224n55, 230
Potanin and, 64–65, 68–69, 182, 230
Norsk Hydro of Norway, 133
Nortgaz, 124
Northern Oil, 114, 229
Northern Territories, 84
North-European Gas Pipeline Company (NEGF), 157
North Pole, 207
North Sea
gas from, 47, 82, 137
petroleum from, 51
Norway, 13, 82, 138, 166, 178
Novatek, 105, 133, 167, 183
Novorossiysk, 161
NTV (TV network), 102–3
nuclear energy
for electricity, 180
France and, 137, 180
Germany and, 158
nuclear weapons, 178
OAO Gazprom, 100
Odessa-Brody pipeline, 162
offshore locations, 10, 71, 128–30
OGEC (Organization of Gas Exporting Countries), 164–65, 180, 230
oil fields. See also specific fields
development of, 228
nationalization of, 24–26, 45
oil pipelines
Baku-Tbilisi-Batumi, 20, 26
Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan, 149, 154, 160–61
map of government-proposed Far East, 9f
map of primary Russian, to Europe, 8f
to Murmansk, 111
Nobel, L., and, 19
Trans-Balkan, 161
Trans-Caucasian, 161
Transneft, 111, 134, 186
oil prices. See also price cutting
bargaining power and, 49
cycles in, 88–89
demand and, 90
gas v., 164–65, 179
privatization and, 56, 69, 72
production and, 35t-37t, 49–54, 77, 79–80, 88–89, 171f
recovery of economy and, 96, 170–71
oil production. See also specific countries
auction royalty system for, 23
GDP and, 80t
price cutting, overabundance and limiting, 44
Putin’s presidency and, 99
Russia as largest petroleum producer, 4t-6t, 11, 15–16, 24, 50, 79, 89