further progress in detailed data and upon the conviction that
such behavior is valuable.
For instance, in the course of psychotherapy, we may in-
form a patient that in the genesis of his personality and behav-
ior we find the results of influences from some person who
revealed psychopathological characteristics. We thereby carry
out an intervention that is painful for the patient, which de-
mands we proceed with tact and skill. As a result of this inter-
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action, however, the patient develops a kind of self-analysis
which will liberate him from the results of these influences and
enable him to develop some critical distance in dealing with
other factors of a similar nature. Rehabilitation will depend on
improving his ability to understand himself and others. Thanks
to this, he will be able to overcome his internal and interper-
sonal difficulties more easily and to avoid mistakes which hurt
him and his immediate environment.
Pathological Factors
Let us now attempt a concise description of some examples
of those pathological factors which have proved to be the most
active in ponerogenic processes. Selection of these examples
resulted from the author’s own experience, instead of exhaus-
tive statistical tallies, and may thus differ from other special-
ists’ evaluations. Much depends on particular situation. A small
amount of statistical data concerning these phenomena has
been borrowed from other works or are approximate evalua-
tions elaborated under conditions which did not allow the entire
front of research to be developed. Again, may the reader please
consider the conditions under which the author worked, and the
time and place.
Mention should also be made of some historical figures,
people whose pathological characteristics contributed to the
process of the genesis of evil on a large social scale, imprinting
their mark upon the fate of nations. It is not an easy task to
establish diagnosis for people whose psychological anomalies
and diseases died together with them. The results of such clini-
cal analyses are open to question even by persons lacking
knowledge or experience in this area, only because recognizing
such a state of mind does not correspond to their historical or
literary way of thought. While this is done on the basis of the
legacy of natural and often moralizing language, I can only
assert that I always based my findings on comparisons of data
acquired through numerous observations I made by studying
many similar patients with the help of the objective methods of
contemporary clinical psychology. I took the critical approach
herein as far as possible. The opinions of specialists elaborated
in a similar way nevertheless remain valuable.
POLITICAL PONEROLOGY
105
Acquired Deviations
Brain tissue is very limited in its regenerative ability. If it is
damaged and the change subsequently heals, a process of reha-
bilitation can take place wherein the neighboring healthy tissue
takes over the function of the damaged portion. This substitu-
tion is never quite perfect; thus some deficits in skill and proper
psychological processes can be detected in even cases of very
small damage by using the appropriate tests. Specialists are
aware of the variegated causes for the origin of such damage,
including trauma and infections. We should point out here that
the psychological results of such changes, as we can observe
many years later, are more heavily dependent upon the location
of the damage itself in the brain mass, whether on the surface
or within, than they are upon the cause which brought them
about. The quality of these consequences also depends upon
when they occurred in the person’s lifetime. Regarding patho-
logical factors of ponerogenic processes, perinatal or early
infant damages have more active results than damages which
occurred later.
In societies with highly developed medical care, we find
among the lower grades of elementary school (when tests can
be applied), that 5 to 7 per cent of children have suffered brain
tissue lesions which cause certain academic or behavioral diffi-
culties. This percentage increases with age. Modern medical
care has contributed to a quantitative decrease in such phenom-
ena, but in certain relatively uncivilized countries and during
historical times, indications of difficulties caused by such
changes are and have been more frequent.
Epilepsy and its many variations constitute the oldest
known results of such lesions; it is observed in a relatively
small number of persons suffering such damage. Researchers in
these matters are more or less unanimous in believing that
Julius Caesar, and then later Napoleon Bonaparte, had epileptic
seizures. Those were probably instances of vegetative epilepsy
caused by lesions lying deep within the brain, near the vegeta-
tive centers. This variety does not cause subsequent dementia.
The extent to which these hidden ailments had negative effects
upon their characters and historical decision-making, or played
a ponerogenic role, can be the subject of a separate study and
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PONEROLOGY
evaluation of great interest. In most cases, however, epilepsy is
an evident ailment, which limits its role as a ponerogenic fac-
tor.
In a much larger segment of the bearers of brain tissue dam-
age, the negative deformation of their characters grows in the
course of time. It takes on variegated mental pictures, depend-
ing upon the properties and localization of these changes, their
time of origin, and also the life conditions of the individual
after their occurrence. We will call such character disorders –
characteropathies. Some characteropathies play an outstanding
role as pathological agents in the processes of the genesis of
evil. Let us thus characterize these most active ones.
Characteropathies reveal a certain similar quality, if the
clinical picture is not dimmed by the coexistence of other men-
tal anomalies (usually inherited), which sometimes occur in
practice. Undamaged brain tissue retains our species’ natural
psychological properties. This is particularly evident in instinc-
tive and affective responses, which are natural, albeit often
insufficiently controlled. The experience of people with such
anomalies grows in the medium of the normal human world to
which they belong by nature. Thus their different way of think-
ing, their emotional violence, and their egotism find relatively
easy entry into other people’s minds and are perceived within
the categories of the everyday world. Such behavior on the part
of persons with such character disorders traumatizes the minds
and feelings of normal people, gradually diminishing the ability
of the normal person to use their common sense. In spite of
their resistance, victims of the characteropath become used to
the rigid habits of pathological thinking and experiencing. If
the victims are young people, the result is that the personality
suffers abnormal development leading to its malformation.