Bernardino De Sahagún, General History of the Things of New Spain: Florentine Codex, trans. from Náhuatl and ed. by Arthur J.O. Anderson and Charles E. Dibble, 13 vol. in 12 (1950–82), is the first full translation of this 16th-century Spanish writer of Aztec culture and is particularly informative on Aztec religion. J. Eric S. Thompson, Mexico Before Cortez: An Account of the Daily Life, Religion, and Ritual of the Aztecs and Kindred Peoples (1933), is a shorter survey. See also Jacques Soustelle, The Daily Life of the Aztecs: On the Eve of the Spanish Conquest (1962, reissued 1970; originally published in French, 1955); Richard A. Diehl, Tula: The Toltec Capital of Ancient Mexico (1983); Nigel Davies, The Toltecs, Until the Fall of Tula (1977), and The Toltec Heritage: From the Fall of Tula to the Rise of Tenochtitlán (1980); and Burr Cartwright Brundage, The Fifth Sun: Aztec Gods, Aztec World (1979), and The Phoenix of the Western World: Quetzalcoatl and the Sky Religion (1982). Andean civilization General works
A comprehensive and still useful survey is provided by the articles in The Andean Civilizations, vol. 2 of Julian H. Steward (ed.), Handbook of South American Indians, 7 vol. (1946–59, reprinted 1963). Introductions include John Howland Rowe and Dorothy Menzel (eds.), Peruvian Archaeology: Selected Readings (1967); Luis G. Lumbreras, The People and Cultures of Ancient Peru (1974; originally published in Spanish, 1969); and Richard W. Keatinge (ed.), Peruvian Prehistory (1988). Important research by Andean authors is presented in Ramiro Condarco Morales, El escenario andino y el hombre (1971); and Segundo Moreno Yañez and Udo Oberem, Contribución a la etnohistoria ecuatoriana (1981). See also John A. Mason, The Ancient Civilizations of Peru (1968, reprinted 1979); John V. Murra, Nathan Wachtel, and Jacques Revel (eds.), Anthropological History of Andean Polities (1986; originally published in French in issues 5–6 of Annales, Economies, Societés, Civilizations, vol. 33, 1978); and Shozo Masuda, Izumi Shimada, and Craig Morris (eds.), Andean Ecology and Civilization: An Interdisciplinary Perspective on Andean Ecological Complementarity (1985). For the material culture admired by the Spanish observers from the first days of the invasion, see Christopher B. Donnan (ed.), Early Ceremonial Architecture in the Andes (1985); Heather Lechtman and Ana María Soldi (eds.), La tecnología en el mundo andino: subsistencia y mensuración (1981); and Ann Pollard Rowe (ed.), The Junius B. Bird Conference on Andean Textiles, April 7–8, 1984 (1986). Pre-Inca periods
Surveys of these civilizations include Wendell C. Bennett and Junius B. Bird, Andean Culture History, 2nd rev. ed. (1960, reissued 1964); Geoffrey H.S. Bushnell, Peru, rev. ed. (1963); Edward P. Lanning, Peru Before the Incas (1967); Donald W. Lathrap, The Upper Amazon (1970); and Jonathan Haas, Shelia Pozorski, and Thomas Pozorski (eds.), The Origins and Development of the Andean State (1987). The Inca
The works of the chroniclers are available in modern English translations or in modern critical editions: Pedro de Cieza de León, The Incas, trans. by Harriet de Onis, ed. by Victor Wolfgang von Hagen (1959, reprinted 1967); Garcilaso de la Vega, The Incas: The Royal Commentaries of the Inca, Garcilaso de la Vega, 1539–1616, trans. by Maria Jolas from the critical annotated French edition of Alain Gheerbrant (1961, reissued 1971; originally published in French, 1959); and Felipe Guamán Poma de Ayala, El primer nueva corónica y buen gobierno, trans. from Quechua by Jorge L. Urioste, ed. by John V. Murra and Rolena Adorno, 3 vol. (1980). Comprehensive histories include Alfred Métraux, The History of the Incas (1969; originally published in French, 1963); George A. Collier, Renato I. Rosaldo, and John D. Wirth (eds.), The Inca and Aztec States, 1400–1800: Anthropology and History (1982); and John Hemming, The Conquest of the Incas, rev. ed. (1983).
The following works study special aspects of the Inca civilization: R. Tom Zuidema, La civilisation inca au Cuzco (1986), on social life and kinship systems; Franklin Pease (García Yrigoyen), El dios creador andino (1973), on religion; Gary Urton, At the Crossroads of the Earth and the Sky: An Andean Cosmology (1981); Maria Ascher and Robert Ascher, Code of the Quipu: A Study in Media, Mathematics, and Culture (1981); Frank Salomon, Native Lords of Quito in the Age of the Incas: The Political Economy of North-Andean Chiefdoms (1986); Craig Morris and Donald E. Thompson, Huánuco Pampa: An Inca City and Its Hinterland (1985); Sally Falk Moore, Power and Property in Inca Peru (1958, reprinted 1973); John V. Murra, The Economic Organization of the Inka State (1980); John Hyslop, The Inca Road System (1984); and Graziano Gasparini and Luise Margolies, Inca Architecture (1980; originally published in Spanish, 1977).Gordon R. Willey William T. Sanders John V. Murra