15. Paul Krugman, “How Did Economists Get It So Wrong?” New York Times Magazine, September 2, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/06/magazine/06Economic-t.html.
16. John Maynard Keynes, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (London: Macmillan, 1936), ch. 21, доступно за адресою http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks03/0300071h/chap21.html.
17. Показники продуктивності праці в США дивіться в бюлетені новин Американського бюро трудової статистики від 6 березня 2014 року, http://www.bls.gov/news.release/prod2.nr0.htm.
18. Lawrence Mishel, “Declining Value of the Federal Minimum Wage Is a Major Factor Driving Inequality,” Economic Policy Institute, February 21, 2013, http://www.epi.org/publication/declining-federal-minimum-wage-inequality/.
19. Eric Schlosser, Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal (New York: Harper, 2004), p. 66.
20. Emmanuel Saez, “Striking It Richer: The Evolution of Top Incomes in the United States,” University of California, Berkeley, September 3, 2013, http://elsa.berkeley.edu/~saez/saez-UStopincomes-2012.pdf.
21. Andrew G. Berg and Jonathan D. Ostry, “Inequality and Unsustainable Growth: Two Sides of the Same Coin?,” International Monetary Fund, April 8, 2011, http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/sdn/2011/sdn1108.pdf.
22. Andrew G. Berg and Jonathan D. Ostry, “Warning! Inequality May Be Hazardous to Your Growth,” iMFdirect, April 8, 2011, http://blog-imfdirect.imf.org/2011/04/08/inequality-and-growth/.
23. Ellen Florian Kratz, “The Risk in Subprime,” CNN Money, March 1, 2007, http://money.cnn.com/2007/02/28/magazines/fortune/subprime.fortune/index.htm?postversion=2007030117.
24. Senior Supervisors Group, “Progress Report on Counterparty Data,” January 15, 2014, http://www.newyorkfed.org/newsevents/news/banking/2014/SSG_Progress_Report_on_Counterparty_January2014.pdf.
25. Noah Smith, “Drones Will Cause an Upheaval of Society Like We Haven’t Seen in 700 Years,” Quartz, March 11, 2014, http://qz.com/185945/drones-are-about-to-upheave-society-in-a-way-we-havent-seen-in-700-years.
26. Barry Bluestone and Mark Melnik, “After the Recovery: Help Needed,” Civic Ventures, 2010, http://www.encore.org/files/research/JobsBluestonePaper3–5-10.pdf.
27. Andy Sharp and Masaaki Iwamoto, “Japan Real Wages Fall to Global Recession Low in Abe [Japanese Prime Minister] Risk,” Bloomberg Business-week, February 5, 2014, http://www.businessweek.com/news/2014–02–05/japan-real-wages-fall-to-global-recession-low-in-spending-risk.
28. Про безробіття серед молоді читайте в матеріалі Ian Sivera, “Italy’s Youth Unemployment at 42 % as Jobless Rate Hits 37-Year High,” International Business Times, January 8, 2014, http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/italys-jobless-rate-hits-37-year-record-high-youth-unemployment-reaches-41–6-1431445, а також Ian Sivera, “Spain’s Youth Unemployment Rate Hits 57.7 % as Europe Faces a ‘Lost Generation,’” International Business Times, January 8, 2014, http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/spains-youth-unemployment-rate-hits-57–7-europe-faces-lost-generation-1431480.
29. James M. Poterba, “Retirement Security in an Aging Society,” National Bureau of Economic Research, NBER Робочий документ № 19930, опублікований у лютому 2014, http://www.nber.org/papers/w19930, а також http://www.nber.org/papers/w19930.pdf. See Table 9, p. 21.
30. Там само, таблиця 15 на стор. 39, дивіться рядок з назвою “Joint & Survivor, Male 65 and Female 60, 100 % Survivor Income-Life Annuity.” Альтернативний план з 3 % щорічним зростанням починається лише з 3700 доларів (тобто близько 300 доларів щомісяця).
31. Carl Benedikt Frey and Michael A. Osborne, “The Future of Employment: How Susceptible Are Jobs to Computerisation?,” Oxford Martin School, Programme on the Impacts of Future Technology, September 17, 2013, p. 38, http://www.futuretech.ox.ac.uk/sites/futuretech.ox.ac.uk/files/The_Future_of_Employment_OMS_Working_Paper_1.pdf.
32. Deirdre Wang Morris, “China’s Aging Population Threatens Its Manufacturing Might,” CNBC, October 24, 2012, http://www.cnbc.com/id/49498720 and “World Population Ageing 2013,” United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, p. 32, http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/ageing/WorldPopulationAgeing2013.pdf.
33. Про показник заощаджень в Китаї (котрий, як зазначалося, становить 40 %), читайте в статті Keith B. Richburg, “Getting Chinese to Stop Saving and Start Spending Is a Hard Sell,” Washington Post, July 5, 2012, http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/getting-chinese-to-stop-saving-and-start-spending-is-a-hard-sell/2012/07/04/gJQAc7P6OW_story_1.html, а також “China’s Savings Rate World’s Highest,” China People’s Daily, November 30, 2012, http://english.people.com.cn/90778/8040481.html.
34. Mike Riddell, “China’s Investment/GDP Ratio Soars to a Totally Unsustainable 54.4 %. Be Afraid,” Bond Vigilantes, January 14, 2014, http://www.bondvigilantes.com/blog/2014/01/24/chinas-investmentgdp-ratio-soars-to-a-totally-unsustainable-54–4-be-afraid/.
35. Dexter Robert, “Expect China Deposit Rate Liberalization Within Two Years, Says Central Bank Head,” Bloomberg Businessweek, March 11, 2014, http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014–03–11/china-deposit-rate-liberalization-within-two-years-says-head-of-chinas-central-bank.
36. Shang-Jin Wei and Xiaobo Zhang, “Sex Ratios and Savings Rates: Evidence from ‘Excess Men’ in China,” February 16, 2009, http://igov.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/Shang-Jin.pdf.
37. Caroline Baum, “So Who’s Stealing China’s Manufacturing Jobs?,” Bloomberg News, October 14, 2003, http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aRI4bAft7Xw4.
38. Про інвестиції та діловий цикл, читайте матеріал Paul Krugman, “Shocking Barro,” New York Times (The Conscience of a Liberal blog), September 12, 2011, http://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/09/12/shocking-barro/.
Розділ 9
1. Stephen Hawking, Stuart Russell, Max Tegmark, and Frank Wilczek, “Stephen Hawking: ‘Transcendence Looks at the Implications of Artificial Intelligence—But Are We Taking AI Seriously Enough?,’” The Independent, May 1, 2014, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/stephen-hawking-transcendence-looks-at-the-implications-of-artificial-intelligence-but-are-we-taking-ai-seriously-enough-9313474.html.
2. James Barrat, Our Final Invention: Artificial Intelligence and the End of the Human Era (New York: Thomas Dunne, 2013), pp. 196–197.
3. Yann LeCun, Google+ Post, October 28, 2013, https://plus.google.com/+YannLeCunPhD/posts/Qwj9EEkUJXY.
4. Gary Marcus, “Hyping Artificial Intelligence, Yet Again,” New Yorker (Elements blog), January 1, 2014, http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/elements/2014/01/the-new-york-times-artificial-intelligence-hype-machine.html.