checking transitions, 704 checklist for, 706-7 considering ethos, 704-5 cutting deadwood, 704 making sure introduction and conclusion are consistent, 704 Rhetoric (Aristotle), 177-83 "Rhetorical Stance, The" (Booth), 198-204
risk factor in rejecting a generalization, 656
search engines, 683
sentence structure, quoting and maintaining
control of, 686 Scarry, Elaine, 279-85 Science as Falsification (Popper), 336-43 Seneca, 13-20
"Shakespeare's Sister" (Woolf), 46-52 Shikibu, Lady Murasaki, 248-52 Shiva, Vandana, 374-80 showing off, avoiding, 665 Soil, Not Oil (Shiva), 374-80
sources
evaluating, 684-85
cross-checking facts, 685 never relying on one source, 684 reading carefully, 685 researching the source of your
information, 685 starting with materials already evaluated, 684-85 finding, 682-84
library-based sources, 682-83 online, researching, 629-30 spatial organization, 612 specialized search engines, 683 "Speech of Aristophanes, The" (Plato), 74-77
spelling errors, proofreading to eliminate, 666, 705
standard position, going beyond, 629-30 starting points for Internet research, 684-85
statement/response organizational pattern, 613
Statistical Abstracts of the United States
(U.S. Census Bureau), 651 statistical inference, 658-59 statistics, supporting ideas with, 650-51 Stiglitz, Joseph, 598-605 straw man argument, 660 structure checklist, 706 structuring ideas, 633-48 conclusions, 646-48 introductions, 638-41 thesis statements, 634-37 transitions, 641-46
to the overall argument, 643 within a paragraph, 641-42 between paragraphs, 643 transition words, 642 "Study of a Young Woman" (Vermeer), 253-55
"Sublime and Beautiful, The" (Burke),
256-61 subtlety, achieving, 628-33 cliches, avoiding, 630 debatable position, constructing a, 630-31
first ideas, going beyond your, 629 implications of an argument, considering
the, 631 learning something, 632 standard position, going beyond the, 629-30
summarizing, 617, 624, 689-90; see also documenting sources identifying support for the main point(s), 617
identifying the main point, 617 indicating the source, 690 introducing the context for a citation, 686
multiple sources, 669-70 quoting from the text when appropriate, 617
using your own words, 617, 690 Summa Theologica (Aquinas), 487-91 Sun Tzu, 483-86 supporting ideas, 649-67
counterarguments, anticipating, 666-67
ethos: the writer's appeal, 663-66 avoiding showing off, 665 establishing your credibility, 664 making only claims you can support,
665-66 proofreading carefully, 666 respecting other points of view, 664-65 with evidence, 650-51 authorities, 651 examples, 651 facts, 650 statistics, 650-51 textual citation, 651 logical fallacies, see logical fallacies logos: appeals to logic and reason, 652-59
deductive reasoning, 652-55 inductive reasoning, 655-59 overview, 652
pathos: appeals to emotion, 661-63 anger, 662-63 belonging, 663 fear, 662
pride/vanity, 663 sympathy, 662 Suu Kyi, Aung San, 442-49 syllogisms, 652-55 symbolism in visual texts, 616 sympathy, appeals to, 662 synthesis, thesis, antithesis and,
678-80 synthesizing ideas, 668-80
comparing/contrasting, 670-72 finding themes and patterns, 672-76 locating a larger theme, 674-76 showing how ideas interact, 672-74
forming your own argument by, 676-80
classical rhetoric, model from, 676-78
philosophy, model from, 678-80 summarizing multiple sources, 669-70 synthesis, defined, 668
Tagore, Rabindranath, 40-45 Tao Te Ching (Lao Tzu), 384-96 themes and patterns, finding, 672-76 locating a larger theme, 674-76 showing how ideas interact, 672-74 thesis, 634, 703
thesis, antithesis, and synthesis, 678-80 thesis statements, 634-37 as an argument, 635 defined, 634
introductions leading directly into,
639-40 misconceptions about, 634 outlines distinguished from, 634-35 refining, 635-37
arguable claim, presenting an, 636 focused argument, presenting a, 636 further discussion, statements allowing for, 637
statements supportable in the assigned essay, 637 "Thing Like Me, A" (Carr), 123-33 "Thinking, Fast and Slow" (Kahneman), 134-44
Tolstoy, Leo, 265-70
"To Teachers" (Tagore), 40-45
"To Those Who Fear Want" (Epictetus),
540-44 transitions, 641-46, 704
to the overall argument, 643 within a paragraph, 641-42 between paragraphs, 643 transition words, 642 Treasure of the City of Ladies, The (Pizan),
397-404 Tufeckci, Zeynep, 225-32 tutors, 624
Tutu, Desmond, 450-59
"Two Pictures of the Brain," 104-7
"Tyger, The" (Blake), 262-64
underlying assumptions, 619-20, 631
comparing, 672 understanding the assignment, 622-24
unrepresentative samples, 658-59 U.S. Census Bureau, 651 USA.gov, 684
verbs
tense, quoting and controlling, 686 Vermeer, Johannes, 253-55 visual texts, reading, 614-16 compositional elements in, 616 emotional appeals, 615 motifs, 616
overall impression, 616 symbolism, 616 visual irony, 616 Voltolina, Laurentius de, 21-23
Walker, Alice, 271-78
"Warfare: An Invention—Not a Biological
Necessity" (Mead), 504-11 "War Memoir" (Kechere), 518-24 Weil, Simone, 575-78 What Is Art? (Tolstoy), 265-70
Wilson, Edward O., 356-62 "Women of World War II Monument,"
525-27 Woolf, Virginia, 46-52 WorldCat, 682 World Wide Web
government websites, 683-84
researching on, 683-84 search engines, 683 Wright, Joseph, of Derby, 308-10 writing centers, 624
Yuskavage, Lisa, 286-88
laurentius de voltolina
Liber Ethicorum des Henricus de Alemania, circa 1350 (book illustration on parchment). Wikimedia Commons
DEPRE88ED
PET scan of a deoxyglucose study that compares a normal human brain with a brain of someone suffering from depression. Science Source
carl jung
Selection from The Red Book, date unknown (tempera on paper).
The Red Book by Carl G. Jung, edited by Sonu Shamdasani, translated by Mark Kyburz, John Peck, and Sonu Shamdasani. Copyright © 2009 by the Foundation of the Works of C.G. Jung. Translation © 2009 by Mark Kyburz, John Peck, and Sonu Shamdasani. Used by permission of W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
johannes vermeer
Study of a Young Woman, circa 1665-67 (oil on canvas).
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York / Wikimedia Commons and Art Resource
william blake
The Tyger, 1794 (relief etchings printed in orange-brown). Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York / Wikimedia Commons
/ S\ J J
lisa yuskavage
Babie I, 2003 (oil on linen).
David Zwirner Art Gallery, New York and London / Courtesy of the artist and David Zwirner.
m
joseph wright of derby
An Experiment on a Bird in the Air Pump, 1768 (oil on canvas). National Gallery, London, UK / Bridgeman Art Library
eugene delacroix
Liberty Leading the People, 28 July 1830, 1830 (oil on canvas). Louvre, Paris, France / Bridgeman Art Library
17 x24
You knew immediately that this is a multiplication problem, and probably knew that you could solve it, with paper and pencil, if not without. You also had some vague intuitive knowledge of the range of possible results. You would be quick to recognize that both 12,609 and 123 are implausible. Without spending some time on the problem, however, you would not be certain that the answer is not 568. A precise solution did not come to mind, and you felt that you could choose whether or not to engage in the computation. If you have not done so yet, you should attempt the multiplication problem now, completing at least part of it.